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Developmental Neuro > Lecture 7/8 - Development of a Body Pattern III & IV > Flashcards

Lecture 7/8 - Development of a Body Pattern III & IV Flashcards

1
Q

cellularization

A

each nucleus separates from each other by the formation of cellular membranes

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2
Q

AP axis

A

result of uneven distribution of protein products of maternal polarity genes

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3
Q

gap genes

A

zygotically expressed genes, regulated by maternally expressed genes, expressed in broad bands across the embryo during the first hours of development

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4
Q

gap genes examples

A

hunchback, kruppel, knirps; hunchback and kruppel may overlap

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5
Q

pair rule genes

A

zygotically expressed, regulated by gap gene, expressed as alternating stripes along the AP axis of embryo (Ftz)

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6
Q

ftz

A

expressed in odd numbered segments

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7
Q

eve

A

expressed in even numbered segments

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8
Q

segment polarity genes

A

zygotically expressed, regulated by pair-rule genes, expressed in a band corresponding to one segment of the insect (ex. engrailed)

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9
Q

homeotic hierarchy

A

gets more discrete in expression as you go down
cytoplasmic polarity > hunchback protein gradient > gap genes > pair-rule genes > segment polarity genes > homeotic genes

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10
Q

expression of pair rule genes

A

expressed in several domains, sandwiched between areas that don’t express the gene

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11
Q

expression of segment polarity genes

A

more compartments with sharper boundaries

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12
Q

5 tiers of gene regulatory factors that separate the fly AP axis

A
  1. genes expressed at different time in development
  2. genes higher in the hierarchy dictate where in the embryo the genes in the tier below will be expressed
  3. genes higher in hierarchy are expressed over larger areas of the embryo
  4. lower in the hierarchy, the smaller the regions of the embryo are expressing a combo of TF’s
  5. hierarchy from maternal polarity genes to segment polarity genes divide the embryo into 14 compartments, each the width of a segment (head to tail)
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13
Q

homeotic genes

A

class of genes in which mutations tend to result in swapping out one body part for another

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14
Q

homeobox genes

A

a nucleotide sequence that produces a DNA-binding domain in many transcriptional factor proteins

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15
Q

hox genes

A

homeobox genes that can transform bod parts; not all homeobox genes are hox genes

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16
Q

what all homeobox genes have in common

A
  • the ability of proteins to regulate gene expression
  • evolutionary agent
  • play crucial roles as TFs well beyond our interest in neural development
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17
Q

realizator genes/terminal differentiation genes

A

a class of genes, whose expression is controlled by hox genes

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18
Q

colinearity

A

property of hox genes in which their order along the chromosome matches the order in which they are expressed along the AP axis of the body

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19
Q

gene duplication and divergence

A

the evolutionary process by which a gene duplication is followed by successive divergence in sequence and function

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20
Q

regulation of hox genes

A

progressively expressed over time in accordance with their relative position within the cluster (expressed 3’ to 5’)

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21
Q

spatial collinear expression of hox genes

A

3’ hox genes expressed in more anterior parts of an embryo, 5’ genes expressed in posterior parts

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22
Q

RNA polymerase

A

transcription enzyme (synthesizes mRNA); uses upstream promoter region to determine where to start mRNA transcription

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23
Q

polycomb genes

A

encode a group of proteins that are repressors of homeotic genes; play roles in gene silencing, act in complexes and govern the histone methylation profiles of a lot of genes; regulate chromatin structure

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24
Q

polycomb repression complexes

A

PRC1 and PRC2

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25
Q

prosencephalon (forebrain)

A

most anterior aspect of the embryonic vertebrate brain; gives rise to telencephalon and diencephalon

26
Q

telencephalon

A

the anterior-most portion of the vertebrate brain; cerebral cortex and subcortical structures (hippocampus, basal ganglia)

27
Q

diencephalon

A

the portion of the vertebrate brain that consists of thalamus and hypothalamus

28
Q

mesencephalon (midbrain)

A

the middle segment of the embryonic vertebrate brain; develop into adult midbrain

29
Q

rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

A

the caudal-most segment of the embryonic vertebrate brain; develop into metencephalon (pons and cerebellum) and myelencephalon (medulla)

30
Q

pons

A

the portion of the brainstem caudal to the midbrain, to which the cerebellum is attached

31
Q

cerebellum

A

a brain region attached to the pons that plays a role in coordination and movement

32
Q

medulla

A

the caudal-most portion of the vertebrate brainstem, which blends into the rostral spinal cord

33
Q

Otx2

A

Required for the forebrain and midbrain to develop (w/o = no head developed)

34
Q

Otx2 expression

A

dependent on the earlier action of Gbx2

35
Q

Gbx2 knockouts

A

normal patterning of midbrain and hindbrain can be disrupted - partial transformation of hindbrain structures into midbrain-like structures

36
Q

Gbx2 expression regulated by

A

Hoxb1

37
Q

Otx2 expression regulated by

A

Hoxa2

38
Q

MHB

A

takes the role of inducing the fate of nearby structures

39
Q

transplantation experiments (MHB)

A

transplanting tissue from MHB to the forebrain induced formation of a tiny midbrain and cerebellum in the middle of the cortex; into hindbrain same results

40
Q

FGF

A

sufficient for inducing midbrain and cerebellum fate, organizing molecule

41
Q

FGF acting

A

bind to specific FGF receptors that possess an intracellular kinase domain

42
Q

FGF concentration

A

posterior portion of the developing vertebrate NS and demarcate the midbrain/hindbrain cortex

43
Q

Otx2 expression

A

prosencephalon and mesencephalon

44
Q

Gbx2 expression

A

in the metencephalon

45
Q

En1 and Pax2

A

expressed in mesencephalon and metencephalon by FGF8 signals

46
Q

Pax6

A

expressed in the prosencephalon; by repressive interaction with En1/Pax2, the DNB is formed

47
Q

region that expresses Otx2, En1, Pax2

A

mesencephalon

48
Q

loss of En1/Pax2

A

posterior shift of DMB

49
Q

Wnt1

A

expressed at the posterior part and the midline of the mesencephalon

50
Q

loss of both signal En1/Pax2 and Fgf8

A

loss of midbrain identity and in a fusion of forebrain and hindbrain domain

51
Q

Pax2 and Otx2 involved in establishment of…

A

secondary organizer at the anterior end of the neural tube, role in patterning and development of the forebrain

52
Q

neural ridge and mes/met boundary

A

regulate expression of the transcription factors in the adjacent region and organize its fate

53
Q

Pax6 cortical specification

A

concentrated in the anterior cortex, null mutant animals expanded visual regions in the occipital cortex

54
Q

Emx2 concentration

A

concentrated in posterior cortex, null mutant animals expanded motor region in frontal cortex

55
Q

retinoic acid

A

comes from maternal diet, derived from vitamin A

56
Q

FGF production

A

produced by mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm

57
Q

rhombomeres

A

a group of prominently segmented portions of the embryonic rhombencephalon; differ in expression of homeobox genes and ephrins

58
Q

ephrins

A

a family of membrane-bound signaling proteins that bind to ephrin receptors (RTK)

59
Q

ephrin signaling

A

does not bind to DNA (indirect - alter signal pathway), are not TF or homeobox, membrane bound, bidirectional signaling, axon guidance & cell migration to sharpen boundaries between rhombomeres

60
Q

sharpening of rhombomere boundaries

A

cells expressing homeobox genes but are out of place will stop expressing or migrate to join the other cells that are

Developmental Neuro (11 decks)

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