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Developmental Neuro > Lecture 11 - Neurogenesis and Migration II > Flashcards

Lecture 11 - Neurogenesis and Migration II Flashcards

1
Q

birthdate

A

time during development when a given cell underwent its final mitosis before differentiating into a neuron or glial cell

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2
Q

thymidine

A

a nucleotide use in the synthesis of DNA

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3
Q

why thymidine can be a DNA-specific marker

A

not used in RNA

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4
Q

birth dating cells experiment

A
  1. inject radiolabeled thymidine into pregnant mice (most cells in S-phase)
  2. injected thymidine gets depleted from circulation
  3. cells that take up the label and stop/ few more dividing will have sufficient radiolabel in their nuclei so that it is easy to detect later when the animal is sacrificed
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5
Q

BrdU

A

synthetic nucleotide that can serve as a substitute for thymidine in synthesis of DNA but can be readily be distinguished from thymidine by use of antibodies

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6
Q

antibodies

A

large, Y-shaped proteins produced by the immune system that recognize and bind to particular shapes in molecules

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7
Q

immunohistochemistry

A

method for detecting particular protein in tissues in which an antibody recognizes and binds to the protein and then chemical methods are used to leave a visual reaction product around each antibody

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8
Q

immunohistochemistry process

A
  1. thin tissue slice
  2. add antibody directed to BrdU
  3. let it sit for a few hours to overnight
  4. rinse off antibody
  5. IHC or IHF
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9
Q

immunohistochemistry

A

incubate and rinse tissue through a series of solutions to form a visible, colored reaction product under a microscope

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10
Q

immunofluorescence

A

incubate with a fluorophore, rinse and look under a microscope

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11
Q

GFAP

A

structural protein normally expressed in radial glia and astrocytes but not in neurons

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12
Q

radial glia

A

long, slender glial cells that stretch from the ventricular surface to the plial surface in the vertebrate cerebral cortex

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13
Q

radial glia guide….

A

migrating cells

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14
Q

cell migration & radial glia

A

post mitotic cells from VZ latch to radial glia and shinny outward; migrating cell extends a small part of itself along the glial rope, process attaches to the fiber then contracts, pulling the cell body along the line

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15
Q

formation of layer 1

A

molecular layer form above marginal zone

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16
Q

cell migration to form neocortex

A

mitotic cells go below marginal zone and form cortical plate > these cells form layer 6

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17
Q

order of migration

A

layer 6-2

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18
Q

intermediate zone

A

eventually filled with axons, creating the white matter of cortical interior

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19
Q

upper cortex experiment: test

A

inject a DNA marker into rhesus monkey at different prenatal stages of development, then determine where neurons with different birth dates are found in cortex after growing up

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20
Q

upper cortex experiment: result

A
  1. earliest born cells settle in either intermediate zone or marginal layer (L1) closest to plial surface
  2. injections later in gestation are deepest layer
  3. injections at successively later stages of development are progressively higher cortical layers
  4. injections 110 days or later are glia and endothelial cells in the cortex but no neurons
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21
Q

inside out pattern of development

A

orderly progression of age of neurons in the cortex

22
Q

tangential route

A

some neurons don’t migrate straight out along the radial glia but across neighboring radial glia

23
Q

ganglionic eminences

A

other germinal zones that cells arise from that line lateral ventricles; transient structures in ventral telencephalon

24
Q

medial GE

A

located in rostral telencephalon

25
Q

lateral GE

A

located in rostral telencephalon

26
Q

caudal GE

A

located in posterior telencephalon

27
Q

post mitotic cells from GE zones

A

contribute interneurons, especially GABAergic neurons to several cortical regions and give rise to neurons in basal ganglia and amygdala

28
Q

late migration

A

arc of migrating neurons along anterior cingulate cortex just above the corpus callosum

29
Q

arc neurons outcome

A

become inhibitory interneurons using GABA

30
Q

migration of arc neurons

A

first move tangentially across radial glia then follow them out settle into various cortical layer

31
Q

arc neurons and neural plasticity

A

provide additional neural plasticity as the infant learns from social interactions

32
Q

germinal zones that give rise to adult-born neurons

A
  1. olfactory neuroepithelium
  2. SVZ
  3. sub-granular zone
33
Q

olfactory neuroepithelium

A

contain cells that continue to divide to provide new olfactory sensory neurons - can be replaced throughout life and may undergo replacement without trauma

34
Q

SVZ

A

of lateral ventricle, produces cells that migrate rostrally to continuously replace interneurons in the adult olfactory bulb

35
Q

RMS (rostral migratory stream)

A

a collection of cells that migrate from the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle to the olfactory bulbs in adult mammals (some still divide)

36
Q

astrocytes

A

guide migration of RMS; form a tunnel surrounding the migrating cells

37
Q

upon arrival to the olfactory bulb

A

cells differentiate into granular and periglomerular interneurons

38
Q

sub-granular zone

A

the portion of the dentate gyrus where cells divide in adulthood to contribute new neurons to the overlying granular layer

39
Q

sub-granular zone involved in…

A

learning and memory

40
Q

evidence for sub-granular zone as learning and memory center

A
  1. animals put into situations where they are expected to learn display more new hippocampal neurons
  2. administering radiation or toxins to inhibit neurogenesis interferes with memory functions that are known to rely upon hippocampus
  3. neurogenesis appears to slow down in older animals at about the same time or before their learning capacity diminishes
41
Q

derivatives of neural crest

A

PNS, endocrine and para-endocrine derivatives, pigment cells, facial cartilage/bones, connective tissue

42
Q

neural crest cells found…

A

alongside the entire rostral-caudal (AP axis) extent of the neural tube

43
Q

what do pharyngeal arches produce?

A

cartilage, bones, muscles, glands, connective tissue of the face and neck

44
Q

somites

A

mesodermally derived blocks of cell found on either side of the neural tube

45
Q

somites give rise to…

A

bone, cartilage, and skin

46
Q

dorsal root ganglia

A

bipolar neurons receiving sensory information from the periphery and transmitting it to neurons of the dorsal spinal cord

47
Q

autonomic ganglia

A

collections of neurons outside the CNS, they receive input from the CNS and in turn provides autonomic innervations of various organs in the body

48
Q

sympathetic ganglia

A

arise exclusively from crest cells in the thoracic and lumbar regions

49
Q

crest cells from cervical and sacral spinal region contribute to…

A

parasympathetic ganglia

50
Q

adrenal medulla

A

subset of neural crest cells settle near the aorta and form the inner portion of the adrenal gland, the adrenal medulla that secretes epinephrine when activated by sympathetic fibers

51
Q

pigment epithelia

A

neural crest cells flow dorsally over the somites eventually differentiate into melanocytes (pigment cells), providing color to the skin

Developmental Neuro (11 decks)

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