Lecture 1 - Cell Differentiation & Neural Induction

Question 1

genes

Answer 1

guide the initial construction of the brain before birth, critical for proper function

Question 2

malfunction of genes in brain development

Answer 2

will not produce well-formed brain, individual will not survive to birth

Question 3

cell differentiation

Answer 3

the role of genes in directing cells to become specialized

Question 4

body plan

Answer 4

distribution of specialized set of cells to form a body that survives and successfully completes to reproduce

Question 5

protozoan

Answer 5

single cell organism

Question 6

metazoan

Answer 6

multicellular organism; evolved the ability to produce cells with very different functions

Question 7

discovery of epigenesis

Answer 7

chicken eggs > opened a new one every day at different stage of development

Question 8

epigenesis

Answer 8

process in which the body gradually changes shape, acquiring new structures and growing more complex with time

Question 9

Leeuwenhoek

Answer 9

first to observe living sperm cells, reported seeing tiny organisms in rain water

Question 10

hook

Answer 10

first microscope, coined the term cell

Question 11

Swammerdan

Answer 11

used microscope to find the wings and body of the butterfly that would have emerged from caterpillar; concluded that the adult form had been tucked inside the juvenile’s body all along

Question 12

preformationism

Answer 12

the view that development consists of a simple enlargement of a body plan that was there from the beginning but simply too small to see

Question 13

preformationism and humans

Answer 13

gradual unfolding of a homunculus when placed in a uterus to warm so it could expand to the size of a newborn (argument of whether it was in sperm or egg)

Question 14

logical problem

Answer 14

if each person begins with a fully formed, microscopic body, tucked into the head of the sperm body from the farther where did the father’s body come from? (Russian dolls?)

Question 15

improvement of microscopy

Answer 15

improvement in studies > reporting fertilized eggs across species divided repeatedly to form clusters of cells, all roughly the same size/shape; embryo does not have arms, legs etc., is only a clump of cells

Question 16

ontogeny

Answer 16

developmental process of an individual growing up and growing old

Question 17

fetus

Answer 17

all major organs and body parts are in place

Question 18

phenotype

Answer 18

the sum total of the physical/behavioral characteristics an individual appears

Question 19

genotype

Answer 19

the total genetic make up an individual inherits; determined at conception

Question 20

original theory of inheritance

Answer 20

consisted of blending, such as that a parent’s prominent trait would be diluted in offspring by the mixing in of the other parent’s input

Question 21

darwin and genetics

Answer 21

once a new adaptive trait arose, would not be quickly lost within a few generations of breeding if the trait could be inherited in complete form by at least some of the offspring

Question 22

modern synthesis

Answer 22

the fusion of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection and Mendel’s law of discrete unites of inheritance that are passed on, either as a whole or none