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ECU Stuttering > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the world’s population of stutterers?

A

6,815,000,000

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2
Q

What is the stuttering incidence (recovery) for the world?

A

(5-12%) 341,000,000

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3
Q

What is the stuttering prevalence (persistent) for the world?

A

(.7%) 48,000,000

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4
Q

What is the prevalence of stuttering in the U.S?

A

(0.7%) 2,150,000

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5
Q

What are the sources of our knowledge of stuttering?

A
  • Parental report
  • Child’s speech, reactions, and tests.
  • Standardized tests
  • Instrumental data
  • Genetics
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6
Q

Why are parental reports used as a source?

A

The most skilled person to identify when something is going wrong.

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7
Q

What kinds of things do standardized tests determine?

A
  • Characteristics
  • Quantify over features
  • Temperamental
  • Attitudes
  • Feelings
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8
Q

When does stuttering start to emerge?

A
  • Between 2 to 3 years
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9
Q

____% of children start to stutter between the ages of 18 and 42 months.

A

85%

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10
Q

What are longitudinal studies considered?

A

The gold standard

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11
Q

What is the genetic factors in childhood?

A

2.1 males to 1 female

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12
Q

What is the genetic factors in adulthood?

A

4 males to 1 female

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13
Q

Stuttering has been documented in how many cultures?

A

All of them

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14
Q

What did Wendell Johnson think about the documentation of stuttering?

A

He believed that there was a tribe in Africa that didn’t have any stutterers. This was a result of them not having a word for stuttering.

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15
Q

What races have a higher incidence of stuttering?

A

All of them have the same

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16
Q

Why disorder in children tend to have a higher incidence of stuttering, but show low emotional reactivity to their stuttering?

A

Children with Down Syndrome

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17
Q

Approximately how many people are considered persistent chronic stutterers in the US?

A

5 million (I think this was the answer).

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18
Q

How many children have a sudden onset of stuttering?

A

41%

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19
Q

How many children have a intermediate onset of stuttering?

A

32%

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20
Q

How many children have a casual onset of stuttering?

A

27%

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21
Q

What do the types of onset for stuttering tell us?

A

It tells us that most kids have a sudden or intermediate onset of stuttering

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22
Q

What did Yairi say about the primary characteristics of stuttering?

A

stuttering like disfluencies

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23
Q

How controversial are counting single-syllable repetition as stuttering?

A

Very controversial

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24
Q

What percent of children exhibit at least one of the secondary characteristics?

A

52%

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25
Q

What are some secondary characteristics of stuttering?

A 
♣	non speech behavior
♣	avoidance
♣	try to get through a block
♣	eye blinking
♣	tapping on the table
♣	jerking head
♣	moving your whole body
♣	facial contortions
♣	respiratory irregularities 
♣	others
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26
Q

What percentage of stutterers did clinicians say were mild?

A

35%

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27
Q

What percentage of stutterers did clinicians say were moderate?

A

45%

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28
Q

What percentage of stutterers did clinicians say were severe?

A

20%

29
Q

What percentage of stutterers did parents say were mild?

A

45%

30
Q

What percentage of stutterers did parents say were moderate?

A

27%

31
Q

What percentage of stutterers did parents say were severe?

A

28%

32
Q

What type of stuttering does the SLD method measure?

A

Overt features

33
Q

What percentage of children were reported to have an illness at the onset of stuttering?

A

14%

34
Q

What percentage of children were reported to be emotional upset at the onset of stuttering?

A

40%

35
Q

What percentage of children were reported to behaviorally stress at the onset of stuttering?

A

35%

36
Q

What percentage of children were reported to have rapid language develop at the onset of stuttering?

A

40%

37
Q

Sometimes children who stutter with have a higher _____________ vocabulary than _________ vocabulary?

A

Expressive

Receptive

38
Q

What percentage of children were reported to have word finding problems at the onset of stuttering?

A

43%

39
Q

What is the puppet task?

A

Children identification with (no stutter) or non-fluent (stuttering) puppet. They are asked to choose one of them.

40
Q

How have we figured out about children’s reactions to stuttering?

A
  1. Parent’s reports

2. Children’s response to clinician probing.

41
Q

What children were found to have awareness of their stuttering according to parent reports and clinician report?

A

Some children exhibit awareness of, and reaction to, their stuttering soon after onset.

42
Q

What did the puppet method find out about child’s awareness?

A

children have indicated sharp rise in awareness between age 4 and 5.

43
Q

_____________ awareness comes in much earlier than _____-______ awareness.

A

prioperspective

meta-cognitive awareness

44
Q

Illness is often a key contributing factor to the onset of stuttering?

A

False

45
Q

What percentage of children will naturally recover?

A

75-90%

46
Q

What is the range for the percentage of children that will stutter at some point?

A

5 to 12

47
Q

What is the range for the percentage of children that will persist to stutter?

A

10-25

48
Q

What factors help to determine persistence or recovery?

A

The act of developing

Family

Temperament

49
Q

When does natural recovery typically take place?

A

a year to 18 months after stuttering onset

50
Q

We currently think that the percentage of natural recover is higher or lower than what Yairi says?

A

Higher

51
Q

Researchers currently think that the percent of chronic stuttering (21%) is what?

A

Is higher than presented

52
Q

What is the percentage of males that persist?

A

30%

53
Q

What is the percentage of females that persist?

A

18%

54
Q

What is the percentage of males that recover?

A

70%

55
Q

What is the percentage of females that recover?

A

82%

56
Q

What is the male/female ratio of persistence?

A

3.67 m/f

57
Q

What is the male/female ratio of recovery?

A

1.89 m/f

58
Q

What are the primary factors for risk of persistence?

A

o Family history
o Gender
o Stuttering trends – what does it look like throughout development (increase or decrease?)
o Duration of stuttering events – longer it happens = greater risk factor
o Age at onset
o Disfluency type
o Disfluency length

59
Q

What are the (secondary) lesser factors for risk of persistence?

A

♣ Severity – recovered kids had greater onset
♣ Secondary characteristics
♣ Phonology – higher rate of phonological disorders of kids who stutter than norm
♣ High Expressive language skills/low receptive skills or the opposite
♣ Acoustic Features – start looking at format transitions

60
Q

What are the (tertiary) lesser factors for risk of persistence?

A

♣ Concomitant disorders

♣ Awareness; Emotional reactions

61
Q

What are non-influential factors for persistence?

A 
o	Physical development
o	Nationality 
o	Socioeconomic status of family
o	Emotional and/or communicative conflicts
o	Shock or fright 
o	Imitation 
o	Illness
62
Q

What disorders have a prevalence for the general population of stutterers?

A
  • Phonology
  • Language
  • Learning disabilities
  • Reading disabilities
  • Other disabilities
63
Q

What percentage of stutters have a phonology disorder?

General population of disorder?

A

16%

6%

64
Q

What percentage of stutters have a language disorder?

General population of disorder?

A

10%

7%

65
Q

What percentage of stutters have a learning disabilities?

General population of disorder?

A

7%

&

66
Q

What percentage of stutters have a reading disabilities?

General population of disorder?

A

6%

6%

67
Q

What percentage of stutters have a other disabilities?

General population of disorder?

A

5%

N/A

68
Q

Which of the following factors does not contribute to the onset of stuttering?

A

Imitation

ECU Stuttering (8 decks)

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