Lecture 3 Flashcards
What do we know that doesn’t cause stuttering? (4)
- Structural deficiences causes stuttering
- Oral fixation
- Punishment from God
- Psychoneurosis originating at the snal stage of psychosexual development (Fenichel, 1945)
What makes stuttering difficult to explain?
3
- Depending on what aspect of stuttering, you can come up with a specific reason or expectation
- Onset or development
- Variability
How distinct is diffentiating typical vs. atypical disfluency?
Not very distinct
When does developmental stuttering usually emerge?
Between the ages of 2 to 4
How sudden can the emergence of stuttering be?
emerges very suddenly
Why does stuttering tend to emerge between the ages of 2 to 4?
This is when syntax starts to play a role in language
What is one of the biggest risk factors for persistent stuttering?
Genetics
What gender has a higher percentage of stuttering persistence?
Males
What four things make up a good theory?
- Validity and ability to predict
- Elegance and parsimoniousness
- Testable and flexible
- Explanatory power
Some theories focus on the ___________ of stuttering: others focus on __________ (through not mutually exclusive)
- Moment
2. Etiology
How else can theories be further categorized?
3
- Breakdown
- Repressed need
- Anticipatory struggle
In regards to stuttering theories, what does breakdown mean?
Talking about the moment of breakdown, underlying etiology that is assumed.
Underlying thing in stutterers that cause breakdown.
In regards to stuttering theories, what does repressed need mean?
Stuttering emerges because of the stutterers need to achieve some kind of goal
In regards to stuttering theories, what does anticipatory struggle mean?
speaker holds some belief that speaking is difficult and does something to interfere with smooth effective communication
What is the cerebral dominance theory about?
The two hemispheres of the brain are fighting for dominance and this causes stuttering to occur.
What are the possible causes of cerebral dominance?
4
hereditary influence (i.e., genetics)
disease
injury
emotional arousal/fatigue
What is the cause of the failure of automaticity?
Stuttering results from the attempt to exercise conscious control over the automatic process of speech
When was the diagnosogenic theory dominant?
the 1940’s and 1950’s
In regards to the diagnosogenic theory dominant, how is stuttering created?
stuttering is created by the listener, who reacts negatively to normal disfluency
What popular study is about the diagnosogenic theory?
The Tudor study, a.k.a “the monster study”
What is the Tudor study about?
The researchers attempted to turn orphans into people who stutter by reacting negatively towards regular disfluencies.