Lecture 6

Question 1

At the University of Iowa, there was a shift from neurophysiological to what?

Answer 1

psychological focus

Question 2

Does anticipation cause stuttering?

Answer 2

it does not cause stuttering

Question 3

Can all PWS anticipate stuttering at the same level?

Answer 3

There is a small amount not predicted; kids are not as “effective.”

Question 4

How can anticipation be explained?

Answer 4

Anticipation is either a signal that something has gone wrong in system or when anticipates something wrong has occured

Question 5

What is the consistency effect?

Answer 5

Stuttering occurs on similar words/at similar junctures over repeated readings

Question 6

What is the most likely underlying mechanism of the consistency effect?

Answer 6

Builds anticipation of that word word and this causes stuttering

Question 7

What is the role of cues?

Answer 7

A feature/segment of speech can be associated with stuttering through a learning process

Question 8

In regards to the role of cues, what is the associate learning?

Answer 8

Learning to attach a fear with a particular word and then stuttering on that word

Question 9

In regards to the role of cues, what is the adjacency effect?

Answer 9

Stuttering “congregates” around certain junctures in speech-language stream.

Question 10

What are brown’s 4 factors?

Answer 10

1. Word-initial
2. Grammatical function
3. Position in sentence
4. Word length

Question 11

In regards to stuttering, are all phones/sounds equally difficulty/easy?

Answer 11

yes

Question 12

What kind of words are associated with adults who stutter?

Answer 12

Content words

Question 13

What kind of words are associated with children who stutter?

Answer 13

Function words

Question 14

When are blocks most likely to happen when speaking an utterance?

Answer 14

first or second word of an utterance

Question 15

Generally speaking, do stutterers stutter more on longer or shorter words?

Answer 15

Longer

Question 16

In regards to information load, ________ predictability yeilds lower probability for stuttering.

Answer 16

high

Question 17

In regards to linguistic stress, ____________ linguistic yields higher probability for stuttering.

Answer 17

Greater

Question 18

In regards to communicative pressure, what is communicative responsibility?

Answer 18

Extent to which a person is attempting to convey information

Question 19

In regards to communicative pressure, what is important to know about propositionality?

Answer 19

High propositionality is associated with more stuttering than less

Question 20

In regards to communicative pressure, what is important to know about the nature of relationship?

Answer 20

Stutterers have an easier time talking to certain people. (e.g., some stutterers find it easier to talk to senior citizens).

Question 21

Does a stutterer stutter more or less when cursing?

Answer 21

Less

Question 22

What is the speaking alone effect?

Answer 22

PWS tend not to stutter when talking to themselves alone

Question 23

How does time pressure affects PWS?

Answer 23

It increases the amount of stuttering events

Question 24

How does listener reactions/social approval affect PWS?

Answer 24

It increases the amount of stuttering events

Question 25

What novel conditions and/or modes of speaking have a positive affect on stuttering?

(2)

Answer 25

Foreign accent

Acting

Question 26

How does engaging in concurrent activity affect stuttering?

Answer 26

Doing different things at the same time could reduce stuttering

Question 27

How can emotional arousal affect stuttering?

Answer 27

It can reduce stuttering (e.g., when I get mad, I don’t stutter)

Question 28

What is the adaptation effect?

Answer 28

stuttering diminishes over repeated readings

Question 29

What are some explanations for the adaptation effect?

4

Answer 29

1. Unlearning anxiety
2. Anxiety reduced due to discomfirmation of expectancies.
3. Stuttering itself reduces fear
4. Motor rehearsal

Question 30

What is the response-contingent stimulation?

Answer 30

When you use negative reinforcement to stop stuttering

Question 31

Is the response contingent stimulation effective for both adults and children?

Answer 31

It is effective for young children (i.e., Lidcomb program) and not effective for older children/adults.

Question 32

What is the white noise effect?

Answer 32

Stuttering diminshes in the presence of white noise (or “masking” noise)

Question 33

What is the cause behind the white noise effect?

Answer 33

Probably due to distraction

Question 34

What two things make up altered auditory feedback?

2

Answer 34

1. Delayed auditory feedback

2. Frequency altered feedback

Question 35

What is Delayed auditory feedback (DAF)?

Answer 35

speaker’s voice is played back with slight delay; shown to reduce stuttering in some PWS (opposite effect in PWNS).

Question 36

What is Frequency-altered feedback (FAF)?

Answer 36

speaker’s voice is played back at higher/lower frequency with slight delay; shown to reduce stuttering in some PWS.

Question 37

What are the three things that cause AAF to work?

Answer 37

o “choral effect” – speaks in unison with another person. Stuttering ends up being eliminated.

o Provides additional feedback that PWS can utilize for speech production, particularly in terms of inverse models (i.e., prediction of speech targets/feedback)

o Reduced rate

Question 38

What is the metronome effect?

Answer 38

speaking with a metronome reduces stuttering

Question 39

Why does the metronome effect work?

2

Answer 39

Rhythmicity

Reduced rate