Lecture 6 Flashcards
At the University of Iowa, there was a shift from neurophysiological to what?
psychological focus
Does anticipation cause stuttering?
it does not cause stuttering
Can all PWS anticipate stuttering at the same level?
There is a small amount not predicted; kids are not as “effective.”
How can anticipation be explained?
Anticipation is either a signal that something has gone wrong in system or when anticipates something wrong has occured
What is the consistency effect?
Stuttering occurs on similar words/at similar junctures over repeated readings
What is the most likely underlying mechanism of the consistency effect?
Builds anticipation of that word word and this causes stuttering
What is the role of cues?
A feature/segment of speech can be associated with stuttering through a learning process
In regards to the role of cues, what is the associate learning?
Learning to attach a fear with a particular word and then stuttering on that word
In regards to the role of cues, what is the adjacency effect?
Stuttering “congregates” around certain junctures in speech-language stream.
What are brown’s 4 factors?
- Word-initial
- Grammatical function
- Position in sentence
- Word length
In regards to stuttering, are all phones/sounds equally difficulty/easy?
yes
What kind of words are associated with adults who stutter?
Content words
What kind of words are associated with children who stutter?
Function words
When are blocks most likely to happen when speaking an utterance?
first or second word of an utterance
Generally speaking, do stutterers stutter more on longer or shorter words?
Longer
In regards to information load, ________ predictability yeilds lower probability for stuttering.
high
In regards to linguistic stress, ____________ linguistic yields higher probability for stuttering.
Greater
In regards to communicative pressure, what is communicative responsibility?
Extent to which a person is attempting to convey information
In regards to communicative pressure, what is important to know about propositionality?
High propositionality is associated with more stuttering than less
In regards to communicative pressure, what is important to know about the nature of relationship?
Stutterers have an easier time talking to certain people. (e.g., some stutterers find it easier to talk to senior citizens).
Does a stutterer stutter more or less when cursing?
Less
What is the speaking alone effect?
PWS tend not to stutter when talking to themselves alone
How does time pressure affects PWS?
It increases the amount of stuttering events
How does listener reactions/social approval affect PWS?
It increases the amount of stuttering events
What novel conditions and/or modes of speaking have a positive affect on stuttering?
(2)
Foreign accent
Acting
How does engaging in concurrent activity affect stuttering?
Doing different things at the same time could reduce stuttering
How can emotional arousal affect stuttering?
It can reduce stuttering (e.g., when I get mad, I don’t stutter)
What is the adaptation effect?
stuttering diminishes over repeated readings
What are some explanations for the adaptation effect?
4
- Unlearning anxiety
- Anxiety reduced due to discomfirmation of expectancies.
- Stuttering itself reduces fear
- Motor rehearsal
What is the response-contingent stimulation?
When you use negative reinforcement to stop stuttering
Is the response contingent stimulation effective for both adults and children?
It is effective for young children (i.e., Lidcomb program) and not effective for older children/adults.
What is the white noise effect?
Stuttering diminshes in the presence of white noise (or “masking” noise)
What is the cause behind the white noise effect?
Probably due to distraction
What two things make up altered auditory feedback?
2
- Delayed auditory feedback
2. Frequency altered feedback
What is Delayed auditory feedback (DAF)?
speaker’s voice is played back with slight delay; shown to reduce stuttering in some PWS (opposite effect in PWNS).
What is Frequency-altered feedback (FAF)?
speaker’s voice is played back at higher/lower frequency with slight delay; shown to reduce stuttering in some PWS.
What are the three things that cause AAF to work?
o “choral effect” – speaks in unison with another person. Stuttering ends up being eliminated.
o Provides additional feedback that PWS can utilize for speech production, particularly in terms of inverse models (i.e., prediction of speech targets/feedback)
o Reduced rate
What is the metronome effect?
speaking with a metronome reduces stuttering
Why does the metronome effect work?
2
Rhythmicity
Reduced rate
