Lecture 7 Flashcards
IPA is more critical of the idea of language as representing….
Reflecting reality.
Language as a construction yard was developed as language began to be understood as
Social performance
In language as a construction yard language is seen as:
Productive
What does productive language mean?
That is constructs versions of social reality and
Achieves social objectives
Language as a construction yard means that language is used to
Construct versions of things, ppl, ideas and events
Language as a construction yard model - words are never simply
Neutral reflections of reality
Psychology didn’t start turning to language until
1970s
Cognitivism - focus of inquiry is the study of:
Mental representations
The rules that control cognitive mediation
Psychologys turn to language was informed by 2 things:
Post structuralism (lang as construction yard) Critique of cognitivism (Lang as a mirror)
Structuralism is based on the assumption that all phenomena have an
Underlying objective structure that can be discovered if the ‘right’ methods are used. Ie universal laws & structures
Understanding the world is a product of
Understanding language
Our perspectives are by-products of a
Social interchange
An individuals point of view depends upon
Where he/she stands in relation to others
Our perspectives are built into systems of
Communication and relationships
A reflexive statement is acknowledging
Where you stand in relation to your research question, the method used, how you’ve chosen to analyse data and your relationship with your participant has affected your project
Post structuralist…words don’t convey
True representations of mental states
In post structuralism words have
Purpose
As participant have a stake
In post structuralism you have to take into account the ………………within which the people speak.
Social context
What are the first 2 primary assumptions of post structuralism?
- A critical stance toward the taken for granted - critical psych
- Historical and cultural specificity (not universal laws etc)
The second two assumptions of post structuralism:
- Knowledge sustained through social processes (social constructionism)
- Knowledge and social action go together
Two main version of discourse analysis:
DA
FDA
DA just relates to
Speech
the shared understandings of particular phenomena are what make up the idea of discourse in
FDA
DA is concerned with how ppl use
Discursive resources or strategies in order to achieve interpersonal objectives in social interaction
Discursive resources
Discursive strategies
rhetorical devices all mean the
Same thing
The epistemological framework of DA emphasises the
Performative aspects of discourse
In discursive psych. Discourse =
Talk
In DA they use talk/text that is
Naturally occurring
Methods used to collect DA data
Semi or unstructured interviews
Focus groups
DA is concerned with psychological phenomena such as
Memory identity and emotion
In DA psychological phenomena are conceptualised as
Discursive actions (something we construct in speech) rather than cog processes
DA is interested in 2 things:
References to phenomena (eg how ppl talk about identity)
Functions & consequences of references to phenomena (what happens when we talk about identity in certain ways)
DA analysis focuses on looking at ways that participants use
Discursive strategies to manage their interests
Discursive strategies are used for 3 primary reasons:
Build speakers credibility
Build a case
Elicit audience emotion
4 way ppl build credibility
Category entitlement
Concession
Consensus
Disclaimer
Last 2 ways of building credibility
Footing
Stake management
To build a case we use some of the following
Active voice
Categorisation
Making evidence ‘speak for itself’
What will ppl do to elicit emotion?
Repetition
Rhetorical q’s
Three-part list
Realism as interpretive repertoire is when the participant draws on
Drawing on realism to guide what ppl shroud actually be doing
Use of interpretive repertoires can lead to negotiation of power is the province of which method?
FDA
What does FDA look at?
How lang is used to create subjectivities and power
In FDA you are more interested in looking at what kinds of …….are constructed through discourses
Objects and subjects
In FDA a discourse could be defined as
A local collection of knowledge (shared taken for granted assumptions about a phenomena)
FDA is concerned with discourses and further the way on which these discourses construct…
Subjectivity, self hood and power relations in broader society
A FDA research q describes and critiques the
Discursive worlds people inhabit
FDA research q’s also explore the implications of
The discursive worlds for subjectivity and experience
What is central to FDA?
Q’s of power
4 key FDA q’s
What is knowledge
How did it arise
Whose interests are served by this knowledge?
Whose interests does the knowledge oppress?
In FDA ‘speaking’ brings into being and positions the speaker as ……. And who or what is spoken about as ……..
Subject
Object
Subjection positioning FDA replaces the
Idea of a coherent subject who exists before and across discourses
Also central to FDA is
Positioning
Discourses evoke particular
Expectations around behaviour and consequently influence behaviour
An example of dominant discourse
Neoliberal discourse (capitalism)
Power, right, knowledge
Rules set by high up ppl
Knowledge of this transmitted
Known as ‘truth’
‘Truth’ in turn reproduces power
Discourses are NOT
Stable and predetermined.
Discourses Do
Exist in action, conversation and therefore evolve, fragment, disappear are contested
What text can be used for FDA
Pretty much anything! Esp magazines
Analytic strategies of FDA. How’s my steps did Parker introduce?
20
In a Simplified FDA analysis what is steps 1-2?
Select text
Carla willing has a ….stage FDA analysis process
7
Carla willing step 1.
Identify object and subject
Carla willig step 2.
Identify all the ways the object is constructed in the txt
Carla willig step 3.
Look at how the different object constructions are different.
Carla willig step 4.
Action orientation. Look at context within which the different constructions of the object are being deployed.
Carla willig step 5.
Examine subject positions that discourses around the object offer
Subject positions are NOT
Roles (not a particular part to be acted out)
Carla willig step 6.
Practice. Relationship btwn discourse and practice? Do discursive constructions open or close down action?
Carla willig step 7.
Subjectivity. What are the consequences of taking up various subject positions for the individuals subjective experience?
Language as a mirror means that
Language simply reflects reality
