Lecture 2 Flashcards
Deductive approach is which method?
Quantitative
Inductive approach is which method?
Qualitative
Reasons why you would choose qual over quant
Gives voice to group of ppl on an issue Gives detailed description of event/experiences Develops theory Interrogate meaning in texts Identify discourses Engage social critique
We use data to do two things:
Answer research questions
Generate new understandings of phenomena in the world
Naturalistic data is not…….at the point of collection
Coded, summarised or reduced
Quantitative data is coded, summarised and reduced at
The point of collection
When using productive data we develop criteria for two things:
How we generate the data
Who we have as participants
What is a type of productive naturalistic data collection
Interview
Selective naturalistic data is where you select
You material from existing material such as blogs or media reports
Criteria for selective data is developed by
You selecting a particular example of instances which becomes your data
An example of selective data?
Looking at women’s magazines articles on sex ie just the images
What is thin data?
Access only the surface of a topic. Limited info
What is rich data?
Offers more thoughtful, thorough and unexpected commentary on the topic
In ecological validity data collection what does it mean by messiness of real life?
Pp often aren’t consistent. Points where they contradict themselves etc you have to make sense out of it
Qualitative inquiry attempts to capture the…
Complexity, depth, detail and richness of a phenomen
Why isn’t qualitative research concerned with generalisability?
Interested in making meaning from the data that are analysed. No one right answer.
Tells one story among many that could be told about that same data
Story told in the research will be shaped by these 4 factors:
Questions asked
How data is collected
Who is telling the story
What their take is in that story
Quantitative research is all about replication true or false?
True
In qualitative research there is no assumption that the same story will ever be told. Why?
Knowledge comes from and making sense of the context from which the story was generated.
Is replication a criterion for qualitative research?
No
How do you make your research participant feel like they are a co-researcher ?
Member checking
What is member checking?
When you double check things said etc with the participant. Ie give participant transcription and/or analysis of the interview
When is member checking particularly important?
When the research aims to give the participants a ‘voice’
Qualitative research uses research questions rather than attempting to
Confirm predictions from theory
Qualitative does not:
Test hypotheses
Seek to make comparisons btwn groups
qualitative methodologies are evaluated on 7 criteria…
Epistemological position Research q What constitutes data How data analysed Reflexivity Critical lango awareness How validity is judged
GT and IPA are considered to be more
Experiential/realist
The most constructionist approaches to qual research are
DA & FDA
For grounded theory you need how many participants?
Multiple
For data collection Grounded theory always uses
Interviews
Big thing that differentiates narrative from memory work?
Narrative interested in the product of self construction whereas memory work interested in process that we use to build identity
Out of the 6 different types of doing qual research there are how many types of data
4
All 6 ways of doing qual research use different methods of
Collecting data
More realist approaches are more likely to use what sort of data?
Productive
More constructionist approaches use what sort of data?
Selective
Gradual sampling in grounded theory means that
Research will go from the data to theory and vice versa. Cyclic
What is saturation in grounded theory?
Happens where u analyse an interview and don’t get any new themes. Already covered all themes in previous interviews
Recommended size for GT interviews is
8-12
In IPA purposive sampling refers to
Pick your sample with a purpose in mind.
Different epistemologies of the approaches to qual research mean that different approaches to
Data analysis are employed in each approach
Approaches that take a more realist position use data analysis techniques that are more
Quantitative
Approaches that come from a more constructionist position use data analysis techniques that are based more on
Rhetorical analysis and linguistic deconstruction
In data analysis All approaches in qual research use some form of
Data reduction or thematic analysis
GT and IPA do the same thing in data analysis except that they
Use a completely different language to talk about it
Reflexivity refers to
The topics we choose, our questions, the aspects of data that are important to us reflect who we are - our subjectivity. Hard to separate ourself from objects of inquiry
To do science well we need to think carefully about our own
Subjectivity and we need to exercise reflexivity
Reflexivity is also seem as our awareness of 2 things:
Our contribution to the constructions of meaning
The impossibility if remaining outside of subject matter while conducting research
There are two types of reflexivity
Personal
Epistemological or functional
Personal reflexivity is all about
YOU the researcher. Values, interests, beliefs etc how they have shaped the research
Epistemological reflexivity is how
Assumptions made in the course of research affect research process findings, and interpretations
In critical language awareness we look at two metaphors
Language as a mirror
Language as a construction yard
Language as a mirror is what approach
Realist
Language as a construction yard is from what approach?
Constructionist
Language as a mirror means that
Language used is a direct reflection of reality. No attempt to unpack the language.
Which approaches use language as a mirror?
Thematic analysis, GT, IPA
Language as a construction yard mean that
Language is used to construct versions of things, ppl, ideas, events. Words are never simply neutral reflections of reality. Seen as influential choices that represent reality in selective ways
Language as a construction yard is used in which approaches?
FDA, DA
When used in qual research, Language as a construction yard is used to show:
How meanings are produced
How meanings change across culture and time
How meanings shape experience
4 things that need to be made clear when doing research and thinking about validity
Research q
Kind of knowledge generated
Research method
How findings address the research q
In qualitative research evaluation of the quality of the research is assessed according to
Epistemological position
Why is qualitative research evaluated differently according to each epistemological position?
Because each position asks different questions and different criteria
