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Human Anatomy & Physiology Spring 2014 Test 1 > Lecture 7 2/13/14 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 2/13/14 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of Erythrocytes

A

Biconcave

Anucleated

5.4 million/mm3 in males; 4.8 million/mm3 in females

Red Color

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2
Q

Describe a Biconcave Discs

A

the center near the surface area you get better gas exchange because outer periphery, the outer cell membrane is closer to the inner membrane.

Doesn’t make anymore hemoglobin, it never changes it’s shape or size after the nucleus is expulsed.

It creates a Rouleaux Effect, which allows the cells inside capillaries allows us to carry more RBC to move through more quickly through the body.

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3
Q

Why do females have less blood?

A

Because of menstrual cycle, once menopause is set in, the concentration of RBC’s are essentially the same for men and women

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4
Q

Red Color

A

Hemoglobin

33% of RBC volume. Each hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 oxygen molecules. Can carry well over a billion molecules per red blood cell. It is an oxygen reservoir

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5
Q

Function of Erythrocytes

A

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide is done by binding to hemoglobin within those erythrocytes. Not a cell anymore because there’s no cell machinery inside it.

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6
Q

Hemoglobin Structure

A

Quaternary Protein; Each heme can combine an oxygen molecule, hence each hemoglobin molecule can combine 4 oxygen per.

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7
Q

What is a Heme?

A

Fe(Iron) and the porphyrin ring.

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8
Q

Heme + Globular Protein Equals what?

A

Hemoglobin

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9
Q

What color does Iron give the hemoglobin?

A

Red color

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10
Q

Erythrocytes Life Cycle

A

Life Span is about 120 days, because they no longer have the cellular machinery to replace the phospholipid bilayer.

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11
Q

Hemocytoblast

A

(Same as Pluripotent Hematopoetic Stem Cell) Hematopoetic means that it makes the blood and it’s a stem cell -> Erythroblast blast cells are precursor cells -> Reticulocyte is a direct precursor (can see flowing in the blood stream) also is a precursor. It’s not normal to see flowing in the blood stream. Wanna know why, there can normal or abnormal reasons why -> Erythrocyte (Mature red blood cell), absent after 6 months

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12
Q

Basophilic Erythroblast

A

the cytoplasm stays at basophilic color.

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13
Q

Polychromatophylic

A

starts to change colors, little blue and red

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14
Q

Normalblast

A

Normalblast is where the blue is eliminated.

Normalblast is where we eject. They are still found inside the bone marrow.

Better not find normalblast in the bloodstream.

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15
Q

Why is Reticulocyte in the blood stream

A
  1. Move from low to high altitude, you’re going to increase your Erythropoeisis, you’re making Red Blood Cells. You’re relatively hypoxy.

So the EPO levels go up and you start to ramp up the production of RBC’s to accommodate for hypoxy, so you may kick out some reticulocytes in the blood stream, which is normal, but it’s abnormal because you shouldn’t see it in there

  1. Abnormal reasons would be Blood conditions and blood cancers.
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16
Q

Why are feces brown?

A

because of the byproducts of hemoglobin breakdown. 90% of the bilirubin hemoglobin breakdown, it ends up in the bile, and use the bile to emulsify the fats and digestion.

It then ends up in the small and large intestine. But doesn’t end up getting excreted.

90% of it will be re-absorbed or reclaimed through Enterohepatic Circulation. It’s very important so that’s why we want to reclaim it.

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17
Q

What stimulates Erythropoeisis?

A

An O2 deficiency, tells kidneys to produce EPO, increasing red cell production. EPO is a hormone produced by the kidney.

18
Q

What is Anemia?

A

decrease in oxygen carrying capacity of blood

19
Q

Describe why why you feel fatigue or tired when you have anemia

A
  1. because of decrease of hemoglobin per RBC

2. A decrease of RBC’s per unit volume of blood (Hematocrit)

20
Q

How are individual blood types determined?

A

by the presence or absences of antigens located in the cell membrane of the RBC

21
Q

Agglutinogens (Antigens)

A

glycoproteins or glycolipids on the surface of the RBC’s that serve as antigenic markers, so these are the red flags that tell you that it’s you, if it’s your body.

Are genetically predetermined. Antigen/AntiBody Response.

22
Q

3 Main Types of Blood Typing

A

O Type blood makes up 45% of the population

A Type blood makes up 41% of the population

B Type blood makes up 10% of the population

AB Type blood makes up 4% of the population

23
Q

Agglutinins (Antibodies)

A

Immunoglobins in the blood that attack foreign antigens

24
Q

What blood type is the universal donor?

A

O-

blood cell is a blank slate, there’s nothing on the surface, so you can give blood to anybody.

25
Q

What blood type is the universal acceptor?

A

AB+

have no antibodies against A, B, and they don’t have antibodies against the Rh factor.

So they don’t have antibodies against any of the different blood types, then you can receive any of those blood types and not have an antigen antibody response

26
Q

What is agglutination

A

incompatible blood is donated to a patient a cross-reaction occurs

27
Q

Rh Factor

A

Agglutinogen D. Rh+ or Rh- , but Rh+ means they have the antigen on the surface of the cell, it doesn’t mean a recessive vs dominant allele.

We can also have antigen/antibody response in these individuals. It’s most important in the birthing of the child, the interaction of the mom and the baby. Mom and baby are exposed to each other.

28
Q

Hemolytic Disease of the newborn baby

A

Erythroblastosis Fetalis- hemolysis of the newborn’s blood due to a cross-reaction with mother’s blood.

29
Q

Rhogam

A

Rh+ Antibody, given to mom around the 6th month, before birth, and after birth, exogenous antibody given to mom, which is synthetic, to prevent mom from mounting an auto-immune response, or antibody/autoimmune response.

30
Q

Leukocytes are what?

A

White blood cells

31
Q

Characteristics of Leukocytes

A

Nucleated, do not contain hemoglobin

Diapedesis

32
Q

Diapedesis

A

ability of white blood cells move through capillary walls by squeezing between capillary endothelial cells.

White blood cells can move in between to do what they do.

This allows WBC’s to move around in the extracellular tissue fluid.

33
Q

What is chemotaxis

A

ability of white blood cells are to be drawn to specific chemical modulators, cytokines, or attracted to bacteria and other antigenic substances. No inflammatory response.

34
Q

Phagocytosis

A

white blood cells, monocytes, exhibit phagocytosis, to combat inflammation and infection by ingesting bacteria antigenic material. Cell eating.

35
Q

Monocyte

A

exhibit phagocytosis that will gobble up bacteria, cellular debris. Cell eating.

36
Q

Two major groups of RBC’s

A

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

37
Q

Granulocytes

A

1st of the two major groups

Neutrophils (60-70%) - don’t pick up any stain

Eosinophils - granules stain reddish orange

Basophils - small darkly stained granules

38
Q

Major role of granulocytes

A

phagocytosis. Release lysozyme from granules (H2O2) to destroy bacteria.

They have multi-lobed nuclei (typically 3-5).

Secrete leukotrienes which attract other phagocytes.

They also secrete prostaglandins to increase inflammation.

Life span 10-12 hours. An increased neutrophil count indicates damage by invading microbes (usually bacteria).

(Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes) - many shaped nucleus.

39
Q

Prostaglandins

A

local tissue hormones that are involved in vasodilation, increasing capillary permeability, bringing white blood cells in, platelet aggregation, involved in the healing process.

40
Q

Segs

A

Nucleus is segmented and a immature neutrophil

41
Q

Bands

A

Banded nucleus not segmented

Human Anatomy & Physiology Spring 2014 Test 1 (8 decks)

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