Lecture 7 2/13/14

Question 1

Characteristics of Erythrocytes

Answer 1

Biconcave

Anucleated

5.4 million/mm3 in males; 4.8 million/mm3 in females

Red Color

Question 2

Describe a Biconcave Discs

Answer 2

the center near the surface area you get better gas exchange because outer periphery, the outer cell membrane is closer to the inner membrane.

Doesn’t make anymore hemoglobin, it never changes it’s shape or size after the nucleus is expulsed.

It creates a Rouleaux Effect, which allows the cells inside capillaries allows us to carry more RBC to move through more quickly through the body.

Question 3

Why do females have less blood?

Answer 3

Because of menstrual cycle, once menopause is set in, the concentration of RBC’s are essentially the same for men and women

Question 4

Red Color

Answer 4

Hemoglobin

33% of RBC volume. Each hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 oxygen molecules. Can carry well over a billion molecules per red blood cell. It is an oxygen reservoir

Question 5

Function of Erythrocytes

Answer 5

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide is done by binding to hemoglobin within those erythrocytes. Not a cell anymore because there’s no cell machinery inside it.

Question 6

Hemoglobin Structure

Answer 6

Quaternary Protein; Each heme can combine an oxygen molecule, hence each hemoglobin molecule can combine 4 oxygen per.

Question 7

What is a Heme?

Answer 7

Fe(Iron) and the porphyrin ring.

Question 8

Heme + Globular Protein Equals what?

Answer 8

Hemoglobin

Question 9

What color does Iron give the hemoglobin?

Answer 9

Red color

Question 10

Erythrocytes Life Cycle

Answer 10

Life Span is about 120 days, because they no longer have the cellular machinery to replace the phospholipid bilayer.

Question 11

Hemocytoblast

Answer 11

(Same as Pluripotent Hematopoetic Stem Cell) Hematopoetic means that it makes the blood and it’s a stem cell -> Erythroblast blast cells are precursor cells -> Reticulocyte is a direct precursor (can see flowing in the blood stream) also is a precursor. It’s not normal to see flowing in the blood stream. Wanna know why, there can normal or abnormal reasons why -> Erythrocyte (Mature red blood cell), absent after 6 months

Question 12

Basophilic Erythroblast

Answer 12

the cytoplasm stays at basophilic color.

Question 13

Polychromatophylic

Answer 13

starts to change colors, little blue and red

Question 14

Normalblast

Answer 14

Normalblast is where the blue is eliminated.

Normalblast is where we eject. They are still found inside the bone marrow.

Better not find normalblast in the bloodstream.

Question 15

Why is Reticulocyte in the blood stream

Answer 15

1. Move from low to high altitude, you’re going to increase your Erythropoeisis, you’re making Red Blood Cells. You’re relatively hypoxy.

So the EPO levels go up and you start to ramp up the production of RBC’s to accommodate for hypoxy, so you may kick out some reticulocytes in the blood stream, which is normal, but it’s abnormal because you shouldn’t see it in there

2. Abnormal reasons would be Blood conditions and blood cancers.

Question 16

Why are feces brown?

Answer 16

because of the byproducts of hemoglobin breakdown. 90% of the bilirubin hemoglobin breakdown, it ends up in the bile, and use the bile to emulsify the fats and digestion.

It then ends up in the small and large intestine. But doesn’t end up getting excreted.

90% of it will be re-absorbed or reclaimed through Enterohepatic Circulation. It’s very important so that’s why we want to reclaim it.

Question 17

What stimulates Erythropoeisis?

Answer 17

An O2 deficiency, tells kidneys to produce EPO, increasing red cell production. EPO is a hormone produced by the kidney.

Question 18

What is Anemia?

Answer 18

decrease in oxygen carrying capacity of blood

Question 19

Describe why why you feel fatigue or tired when you have anemia

Answer 19

1. because of decrease of hemoglobin per RBC

2. A decrease of RBC’s per unit volume of blood (Hematocrit)

Question 20

How are individual blood types determined?

Answer 20

by the presence or absences of antigens located in the cell membrane of the RBC

Question 21

Agglutinogens (Antigens)

Answer 21

glycoproteins or glycolipids on the surface of the RBC’s that serve as antigenic markers, so these are the red flags that tell you that it’s you, if it’s your body.

Are genetically predetermined. Antigen/AntiBody Response.

Question 22

3 Main Types of Blood Typing

Answer 22

O Type blood makes up 45% of the population

A Type blood makes up 41% of the population

B Type blood makes up 10% of the population

AB Type blood makes up 4% of the population

Question 23

Agglutinins (Antibodies)

Answer 23

Immunoglobins in the blood that attack foreign antigens

Question 24

What blood type is the universal donor?

Answer 24

O-

blood cell is a blank slate, there’s nothing on the surface, so you can give blood to anybody.

Question 25

What blood type is the universal acceptor?

Answer 25

AB+ have no antibodies against A, B, and they don't have antibodies against the Rh factor. So they don't have antibodies against any of the different blood types, then you can receive any of those blood types and not have an antigen antibody response

Question 26

What is agglutination

Answer 26

incompatible blood is donated to a patient a cross-reaction occurs

Question 27

Rh Factor

Answer 27

Agglutinogen D. Rh+ or Rh- , but Rh+ means they have the antigen on the surface of the cell, it doesn't mean a recessive vs dominant allele. We can also have antigen/antibody response in these individuals. It's most important in the birthing of the child, the interaction of the mom and the baby. Mom and baby are exposed to each other.

Question 28

Hemolytic Disease of the newborn baby

Answer 28

Erythroblastosis Fetalis- hemolysis of the newborn’s blood due to a cross-reaction with mother’s blood.

Question 29

Rhogam

Answer 29

Rh+ Antibody, given to mom around the 6th month, before birth, and after birth, exogenous antibody given to mom, which is synthetic, to prevent mom from mounting an auto-immune response, or antibody/autoimmune response.

Question 30

Leukocytes are what?

Answer 30

White blood cells

Question 31

Characteristics of Leukocytes

Answer 31

Nucleated, do not contain hemoglobin Diapedesis

Question 32

Diapedesis

Answer 32

ability of white blood cells move through capillary walls by squeezing between capillary endothelial cells. White blood cells can move in between to do what they do. This allows WBC’s to move around in the extracellular tissue fluid.

Question 33

What is chemotaxis

Answer 33

ability of white blood cells are to be drawn to specific chemical modulators, cytokines, or attracted to bacteria and other antigenic substances. No inflammatory response.

Question 34

Phagocytosis

Answer 34

white blood cells, monocytes, exhibit phagocytosis, to combat inflammation and infection by ingesting bacteria antigenic material. Cell eating.

Question 35

Monocyte

Answer 35

exhibit phagocytosis that will gobble up bacteria, cellular debris. Cell eating.

Question 36

Two major groups of RBC's

Answer 36

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

Question 37

Granulocytes

Answer 37

1st of the two major groups Neutrophils (60-70%) - don't pick up any stain Eosinophils - granules stain reddish orange Basophils - small darkly stained granules

Question 38

Major role of granulocytes

Answer 38

phagocytosis. Release lysozyme from granules (H2O2) to destroy bacteria. They have multi-lobed nuclei (typically 3-5). Secrete leukotrienes which attract other phagocytes. They also secrete prostaglandins to increase inflammation. Life span 10-12 hours. An increased neutrophil count indicates damage by invading microbes (usually bacteria). (Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes) - many shaped nucleus.

Question 39

Prostaglandins

Answer 39

local tissue hormones that are involved in vasodilation, increasing capillary permeability, bringing white blood cells in, platelet aggregation, involved in the healing process.

Question 40

Segs

Answer 40

Nucleus is segmented and a immature neutrophil

Question 41

Bands

Answer 41

Banded nucleus not segmented