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Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What does sexual behavior refer to in nonhuman animals?

A

All reproductive activities, including courtship, mate selection, and copulation.

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2
Q

What are the three steps to sexual behavior in all animals?

A
  • Courtship
  • Mate selection
  • Copulation
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3
Q

What is a difference in sexual behavior between certain animals?

A
  • May only occur during certain seasons
  • May only occur at specific stages of the estrous cycle
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4
Q
A
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5
Q

What encompasses human sexual behavior?

A

A wide variety of activities to express sexuality, including physical practices, attitudes, experiences, and desires.

Not just reproductive, but also pleasurable without conception.

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6
Q

What are some examples of non-conceptive sexual behavior?

A
  • sexting
  • phone sex
  • veiwing erotic movies
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7
Q

Name five examples of sexual activities.

A
  • Deep kissing
  • Oral contact on genitals
  • Penile-vaginal intercourse
  • Oral contact on breasts/nipples
  • Touching someone’s genitals
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8
Q

What factors shape human sexual behavior?

A
  • Culture
  • Individual experience and observation
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9
Q

What is relational sex?

A

Sexual activity engaged in to express feelings of love and intimacy, reaffirm commitment, or shift balance of power for equity in the relationship.

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10
Q

How is casual sex defined from an evolutionary psychology perspective?

A

Noncommitted, short-term sexual encounters involving intercourse. M

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11
Q

What is the difference is between men and women in hookups?

A

Men and women equally likely to engage in a hookup.

BUT, afterwards, women report significantly more regret, loneliness, and unhappiness than men.

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12
Q

What were the factors studied in the study of college student judgement on sexual behavior?

A
  • Respondent’s gender
  • Actor’s gender
  • Type of act
  • Who achieved orgasm
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13
Q

Are humans the only species that experience female orgasm?

A

No, some other primate species do as well.

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14
Q

What were the main findings of the study of college students’s judgement on sexual behaviors?

A
  • vaginal and anal sex usually considered sex
  • the person who experienced orgasm more likely to consider it sex
  • if no one orgasmed, females were more likely to still consider the act sex
  • overall: there are subjective interpretations of sex
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15
Q

True or False: Vaginal and anal intercourse were considered sex under most circumstances in the study.

A

True

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16
Q

What factors influenced whether oral intercourse was labeled as sex?

A

The gender and viewpoint of the actor and whether orgasm occurred. Especially with male participants.

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17
Q

What is the gendered orgasm gap?

A

Men experience orgasm more frequently than women in heterosexual sexual encounters.

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18
Q

What is one biological perspective on female orgasm?

A

Female orgasm indirectly facilitates reproduction by enhancing sperm activity.

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19
Q

What sociocultural explanation contributes to the gendered orgasm gap?

A

Women’s clitorally focused sexual activities are devalued compared to penile-vaginal intercourse. (women tend to have more orgasms when there is greater focus on clitoral stimulation)

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20
Q

What is the significance of female orgasm in relation to women’s health?

A

Orgasms release endorphins, and oxytocin (promotes bonding), and can reduce anxiety and depression. Also boosts self asteem and body image.

Women with high frequency report higher sexual communication and satisfaction.

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21
Q

What are some more differences in sociocultural perspectives between male and female orgasms

A
  • male orgasm: essential part
  • female orgasm: extra part
  • men: believe they are more entitled to orgasms and often sex is considered to end after male orgasm
  • woman: portrayed as not caring about orgasms, and achieved with greater difficulty
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22
Q

How do men and women differ in their views of sex and love?

A

Women are more likely to acknowledge emotional aspects.

Men often deny focus on sexual implications.

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23
Q

What did a study reveal about sexual thoughts in men and women?

A

Women have 18.6 sexual thoughts per day, while men have 34.2.

most women’s sexual fantasies are usually about acquaintances, whereas most men’s are usually about strangers

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24
Q

What do men and women thing about the relationship between love and sex?

A

men usually rate romance on the quality of sex, but don’t think love is necessary for sex

both men and women value love/affection in sexual relationships

more and more men think sex suffers without love

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25
What is the cultural difference in sexual attitudes between collectivist and individualist cultures?
Collectivism prioritizes group goals, whereas individualism prioritizes personal goals. respondents from group that combines male-centeredness with collectivism = lowest levels of sexual satisfaction (individual gratification not as important) american vs chinese study - american men more likely to have sex for personal pleasure and stress reduction as their motives more than chinese men
26
What is the main difference between individualism and collectivism in relationships?
- individualism: rationally computes cost-benefit of relationships - collectivism: prioritizes the relationship itself
27
What do people generally believe about sex in marital relationships?
Sexual intercourse is considered a 'normal' and exclusive part of marriage. (shouldnt be done with other people)
28
What forms of consensual non-monogamy exist?
* Swinging * Open marriages/relationships * Polyamory
29
How have marital attitudes towards sex changed in relation to power?
- relative power to each sex in relation to sexual and reproductive decisions - previously: men decided about sex in married life - this has changed in recent years significantly: now, more mutual communication
30
What do men and women find attractive in a partner?
* Appearance (men care more) * Good overall personality (some men and women value) * Sense of humor (women) (some women value) * Self-confidence (men) (men care some) * Intelligence (men care some) * Sensitivity (women) (some women value)
31
What are the factors that determine sexual attraction?
- biological (adrenaline trigger, smell) - psychological (mood you're in, similar values and emotions, winning someone over) - other (place you're living, number of options, past experience)
32
What do studies show about passion and appeal?
- men and women desire romantic partners who have a high sex drive or are very sexually passionate - both women have similar scores for how much higher of a sex drive they want their partner to have than the average (~80%)
33
How do men and women feel about sexual history?
- both prefer mates with lower sexual experience - study on college students and what they look for in a marriage partner - usually no or moderate previous sexual experience - "easy" was ranked as the least desirable attribute - however, most women and men prefer someone that doesn't have complete chastity
34
What are some cross cultural findings on premarital sex and virginity?
In many contemporary cultures, premarital sex is relatively common among both men and women, including those with a history of valuing virginity. chasity - may be desirable, not necessary tho
35
Fill in the blank: 'Chastity' refers to _______.
[no previous sexual experience]
36
Why do people often engage in sex in beginning relationships?
* Emotional intimacy and closeness * Positive affection and communication * Arousal and receptivity * Obligation and pressure * Circumstance (drugs of alcohol)
37
Why do people have sex?
Reasons include: * Emotional intimacy and closeness * Positive affection and communication * Arousal and receptivity * Obligation and pressure * Circumstance (e.g., drugs or alcohol) ## Footnote Positive affection and communication is noted as the first and most important reason.
38
What are common reasons for people to refrain from sex?
Reasons include: * Not feeling sufficient levels of commitment * Being uncertain about their feelings for the partner ## Footnote These responses were derived from an open-ended question survey.
39
What are the three groups identified regarding the pathways to sexual involvement?
The groups are: * Sexually traditional or low involvement (abstain from intercourse) (love doesnt justify premarital sex) * Sexually liberal or rapid involvement (engage in intercourse first date or very soon) (sex without love is ok) * Sexually moderate or later sex (love can justify intercourse) ## Footnote Each group has different attitudes towards premarital sex and justification for intercourse.
40
How has premarital sex rates and public acceptance changed?
Since 1900, premarital sex is vastly more common (<10% to 80%>) public acceptance has grown too
41
What percentage of adolescent boys and girls in Hong Kong accepted premarital sex?
46.0% of boys and 37.0% of girls in Secondary 3 to 7 accepted premarital sex; 28.0% of boys and 21.0% of girls in Secondary 1 to 2. ## Footnote This indicates a general openness to premarital sex among youths in Hong Kong.
42
What did a study about the tempo of sexual activity and later relationship quality find?
Results showed that: * Couples who waited to have sex were happier in the long run * Women particularly benefited from waiting * Early sexual satisfaction could stunt relationship development * good sex often confused with love ## Footnote The study included nearly 600 married and cohabiting couples.
43
What is the frequency of sexual intercourse among younger couples (aged 26-35) and has it changed over time?
Younger couples typically engage in sexual intercourse 2-3 times a week. Research over the past 60 years shows that frequency hasn't changed much. ## Footnote This is compared to older couples who have sex approximately twice a week.
44
What trend was observed in the frequency of marital sex related to age?
Frequency of marital sex is negatively correlated with age; younger couples have more frequent intercourse compared to older couples. higher percentage of men and women (50%) had sex two to three times a month ## Footnote For instance, those aged 19-24 reported approximately 12 times a month.
45
How often do same-sex partners have sex compared to het ones?
cohabiting het and homo male couples tend to have sex more frequently than married couples, who in turn also have sex more frequently than homosexual female couples most younger couples engage in sex 1 - 3 times a week
46
Why do people have low sex frequency?
- physical and psychological changes associated with aging, loss of novelty, stress, pregnany, fatigue, and children - also some life events
47
What does a survey on sexual wellbeing say about the likeliness to orgasm and frequency of sex?
most likely to orgasm: hungary, greece, spain (all over 70%) least likely: china, south korea, malaysia, hong kong (all under 30%) have sex at least once a week: highest %: colombia, indonesdia, russia (all over 88%) lowest %: japan (27%), uk, canda (both under 60%)
48
What is the relationship between age and sexual activities?
frequency of marital sex negatively correlated with age - 19 - 24: sex 12 times a month - 65 - 75: sex between 1 - 2 times a month frequency of marital sex also negatively correlated with years of marriage/cohabitation
49
50
What is the 'honeymoon effect' in sexual activity?
Newlywed couples experience high rates of sexual activity initially, which sharply decreases as they become a committed couple. ## Footnote This phenomenon is often referred to as the 'honeymoon phase.'
51
What are the most commonly practiced sexual activities among heterosexuals?
The most common activity is: * Penile-vaginal intercourse (over 95% reported) * Oral sex (less common than intercourse but still significant) (usually more common among cohabiting than marriaged couples) ## Footnote Cohabiting couples tend to engage in oral sex more than married couples.
52
How do sexual practices differ between homosexual and heterosexual couples?
Homosexual couples engage in many of the same activities but report higher frequencies of: * Kissing * Caressing * Breast stimulatio * Oral and anal sex also tend to be more experimental: lesbians use - 43% dildos - 35% food - 25% bondage or discipline - 14% three-way gay men respond similarly gay men and women appear equally satisfied sexually ## Footnote Lesbian couples are noted to be more experimental than their heterosexual counterparts.
53
What factors are associated with sexual satisfaction?
Factors include: * Frequency of sexual activity (more) * Alignment of sexual preferences (corresponding) * Experience of orgasm * Ratio of rewards (emotional intimacy, physical pleasure) to costs (time constraints, performance concerns) * Quality of post-sex affectionate behaviors (cuddling, shared intimacy) * Sexual communication ## Footnote Each of these contributes to how satisfied individuals feel about their sex lives.
54
What are the reported benefits of sexual activity according to research?
Benefits include: * Glowing skin * Better sleep * Pain and headache relief * Stress reduction * Heart protection * Prolonged life * Fights prostate and breast cancer * Protects heart research findings by Brody & Weiss (2011) ## Footnote Research findings by Brody & Weiss (2011) indicate that orgasm is associated with various forms of satisfaction.
55
What is the importance of communicative competence in established relationships?
It is essential for effectively discussing: * Sexual needs * Preferences * Expectations * Attitudes ## Footnote Effective communication can enhance satisfaction in sexual relationships.
56
True or False: Higher frequency of sexual intercourse is related to overall relationship satisfaction.
True ## Footnote Studies indicate that couples who are satisfied with their sexual relationship tend to have higher overall relationship satisfaction.
57
What is the traditional "heterosexual sexual script"?
- initiation and refusal of sexual requests - men: initiators - women: regulators - as time passes, women initiate more - in longterm relationships --> initiation usually leads to positive response - initiate attempts are usually nonverb or indirect - sexual refusal more verbal and direct
58
What is the relationship between communication and sexual satisfaction?
Greater quality + greater quanitity of sexual communication = higher satisfaction
59
What is the relationship between sex and relationship satisfaction?
better sex = better relationship couples with sexual satisfaction tend to: - spend time together - share other activities and hobbies - perceive their relationship as more equitable and fair regardless of race and sexual preference sex influence relational functioninh (not vice versa)
60
What was the outcome of a longitudinal study on sexual activity and happiness?
Respondents who had sex: * 2-3 times a month were 33% more likely to be happy * Once a week were 44% more likely to be happy * 2-3 times a week were 55% more likely to be happy ## Footnote The study involved 15,386 respondents from 1993 to 2006.
61
What did Dr. David Weeks' study find about sex and perceived youthfulness?
Those who looked younger than their age reported having sex 50% more frequently than their peers in the 40 - 50 year age group. ## Footnote The study included 3,500 participants aged mostly 40 to 60.
62
How does sex make us look younger?
up to 7 years younger - "crucial factor" in preserving youth is pleasure derived from sex - human growth hormone released through sex --> keeps skin elastic - sex burns fat and releases things to bolster immune system, stress relief, and quality of sleep - people should be sexually and physically active throughout life

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