LECTURE 7

Question 1

General structure of the experiment

Answer 1

Experimental design

Question 2

Design to be used is determined mainly by the nature of
hypothesis.

Answer 2

Experimental design

Question 3

DESIGN IS BASED ON THE FOLLOWING;
● Number of ___
● Number of ___ needed to make a fair test
● Whether the ___or ___ subjects are used in each of the
treatment conditions

Answer 3

IVs
Treatment conditions
Same or different

Question 4

DIFFERENT subjects take part in EACH
condition of the experiment.

Answer 4

Between subject design

Question 5

Draw conclusions by making
comparisons between the behaviors
of different group subjects.

Answer 5

Between subject design

Question 6

The more the sample resembles the whole population, the
more likely it is that the behavior or performance of the sample
mirrors that of the population.

Answer 6

Selecting and recruiting subject

Question 7

___procedure is highly desirable because it
increases the external validity of an experiment; rarely done in
practice.

Answer 7

Random sampling

Question 8

❑ Too __ sample size can lead to incorrect results.
- not representing the whole population
- may decrease the power of IV

❑ Number of subjects needed can depend on the expected amount
of variability among subjects’ scores and effect size

Answer 8

Small

Question 9

*If individuals in the population are all ___ to one another on the
dependent variable, ___samples sizes are adequate.

*When individuals are quite ___ on the dependent variable, ___ samples
are needed.

Answer 9

Very similar
Smaller
Different
Larger

Question 10

the statistical estimate of the size or magnitude of
the treatment effect.

Answer 10

Effect size

Question 11

the ___ the ___, the ___ the subjects needed to determine the
treatment effect; ___ effects may be detected in ___groups.

Answer 11

Larger
Effect size
Fewer
Weaker
Larger

Question 12

____/___or softwares such as G*Power can be used to
estimate the ___ number of subjects needed for each treatment group,
given the effect size.

Answer 12

Power charts
Table
Minimum

Question 13

As general rule, at least ___subjects in each treatment group is
advisable; some are more comfortable in __ subjects per
treatment group.

Answer 13

20
30

Question 14

Simplest experimental design.

Answer 14

Two groups design

Question 15

1IV; Two treatment conditions are needed; two separate
groups of subjects are formed.

Answer 15

Two groups design

Question 16

Used when an independent variable must be tested at two
treatment levels or values

Answer 16

Two-independent groups design

Question 17

every subject has an equal chance of
being placed in any of the treatment conditions

Answer 17

Random assignment

Question 18

assignment is still random except
for limitations on numbers per group, etc.

Answer 18

Random assignment with constraints

Question 19

Random ____is essential for ___ validity, whereas
random ___ is critical to ____ validity

Answer 19

Selection
External
Assignment
Internal

Question 20

Two-independent-groups design can be further classified into
two: ____ group design and
____-groups design

Answer 20

experimental group-control
two-experimental

Question 21

Consists of an experimental condition and
control condition

Answer 21

Two-Independent-Groups Design: Experimental Group-Control Group Design

Question 22

we apply a particular
value of our IV to the subjects; the subjects in
this condition are called an ____

Answer 22

Experimental condition
Experimental group

Question 23

used to determine the value
of DV without an experimental manipulation of
the IV; subjects in this condition are called as a
control group

Answer 23

Control condition

Question 24

E.g., Effects of music in learning of college
students.

Answer 24

Two-Independent-Groups Design: Experimental Group-Control Group Design

Question 25

Experimental design wherein there are at least two groups, one
of which does not receive a treatment or intervention, and data
are collected on the outcome measure after the treatment or
intervention

Answer 25

Posttest-Only Control Group Design

Question 26

EG - ____
CG - ____
R - ____
X - ____ (Independent Variable)
O - _____ (Dependent Variable)

Answer 26

Experimental group
Control group
Randomly assigned participant group
experimental manipulation
Observation/measurement

Question 27

Subjects are randomly assigned to experimental and control
groups. Both are subjected to an initial (pretest) measurement
of the dependent variable of interest. The experimental group
is administered a treatment. The dependent variable is
measured again for both groups (posttest).

Answer 27

Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design

Question 28

❑ A design in which two experimental groups are exposed to
different levels of the independent variable.
❑ Two-experimental-groups design becomes more applicable
when studies had established that an IV produces some effect
on a DV.

Answer 28

Two-Independent-Groups Design: Two-Experimental-Groups Design

Question 29

The influence of music on reading comprehension
Independent Variable (IV) - Music
Levels/Values: Classical Music (X1
) and Rock Music (X2
)

Answer 29

Two-Independent-Groups Design: Two-Experimental-Groups Design

Question 30

In this design, there are also two groups of subjects, but they
are assigned to groups by matching or equating them on a
possible extraneous subject variable

Answer 30

Two-Matched-Groups Design

Question 31

To match subjects before the experiment:
1. Subjects will be measured on the extraneous variable
that will be used for matching (e.g., IQ)
2. We separate them into pairs with similar scores
3. We randomly assign one member of each pair to a
treatment condition, then the remaining is placed on
the other
4. We run the experiment

Question 32

To match subjects after the experiment:
1. We randomize and run the experiment, and we also
measure the extraneous subject variable as well (e.g., IQ)
2. After the experiment, we will use their extraneous variable
scores to match the subjects across the two groups
3. Subjects who cannot be matched are discarded

Answer 32

Two-Matched-Groups Design

Question 33

3 ways to match subjects across the two groups after experiment:

Answer 33

➔ Precision matching
➔ Range matching
➔ Rank-ordered matching

Question 34

There are more than two groups of subjects, and each group
is run through a different treatment condition; used when
the amount or degree of the IV is important (e.g., drug
dosage)

Answer 34

Multiple Groups Design

Question 35

most commonly used multiple groups design; the subjects
are assigned to the different treatment conditions
randomly

Answer 35

Multiple independent groups design

Question 36

most commonly used multiple groups design; the subjects
are assigned to the different treatment conditions
randomly

Answer 36

Multiple independent groups design

Question 37

The use of random number table (e.g., online generator) is one
way to randomly assign subjects into multiple treatment
conditions

Answer 37

Multiple Groups Design

Question 38

To obtain equal numbers of subjects in all treatment
conditions, we can use ____

Answer 38

block randomization

Question 39

a method for
assigning subjects to treatment conditions in which individuals
are divided into subsets or blocks and then some random
process is used to place individuals from those blocks into the
different conditions

Answer 39

Block randomization

Question 40

a research design that attempts to consider the influence of pretesting
on subsequent posttest results.

Answer 40

Solomon four group design