CHAPTER 1 QUIZ

Question 1

Kind of everyday, nonscientific data gathering that shapes our expectations and beliefs and directs our behavior toward others

Answer 1

Common sense psychology

Question 2

Gather data in a systematic and impartial way constrained by two very important factors: the sources of psychological information and inferential strategies

Answer 2

Common sense psychologist

Question 3

The data gathered by a common sense psychologist are often derived from the sources that seem credible and trustworthy (family, friends, etc.)

Answer 3

Nonscientific sources of data

Question 4

This is based on personal judgement and gut feelings rather than rational thought. For instance, you might feel that someone is trustworthy just by looking at them

Answer 4

Nonscientific sources of data

Question 5

( Tradition) Long standing customs and practices passed down through generations

(personal experiences) Anecdotal evidence from one’s own life or the lives of others. While these stories can be compelling, they don’t provide the systematic evidence needed for scientific conclusion

Answer 5

Nonscientific sources

Question 6

Inferential strategies that people make to come up with decisions based from readily available information

Answer 6

Nonscientific inference

Question 7

( Stereotyping) Assuming that all teenagers are rebellious or that all elderly people are bad with technology

( Gambler fallacy) If a coins lands on head several times in a row, someone might infer that tails due to happen next, even though each flip is independent and has an equal probability of landing on heads or tails

Answer 7

Nonscientific inference

Question 8

Once we believe in something, we tend to overlook instances that might disconform our beliefs and instead, seek confirmatory instances of behavior

Answer 8

Confirmation bias

Question 9

Predictions, guesses and explanations tend to feel much more correct than they actually are, and the more data we have available, the more confidence we have in our judgements about behavior

Answer 9

Overconfidence bias

Question 10

2 types of nonscientific inference

Answer 10

Confirmation bias
Overconfidence bias

Question 11

Steps in scientific method

Answer 11

Observation
Question
Form hypothesis
Make a prediction
Do experiment
Analyze results
Report results

Question 12

The ___ is coined by ____; behavior must follow a natural order, therefore it can be predicted

Answer 12

Scientific mentality
Alfred North whitehead

Question 13

Collecting data that are observable and experienced. Capable of being verified or disproved through investigation (kayang i-observed directly) Clinical trials, surveys and questionnaires, laboratory experiments

Answer 13

Gathering empirical data

Question 14

____ Scientist go beyond cataloging observation to proposing general principles ( Applicable ang information)
____ Principles have the generality to apply in all situations
____ interim explanation (not proven)

Answer 14

Seeking general principles
Laws
Theory

Question 15

Approach to collection and interpretation of data should be systematic, objectives and rational

Ex ; (Bobo doll) How people learn new behavior?, provide insights into the effects of media violence on children, influencing policies and further research

Answer 15

Good thinking

Question 16

Pertaining to simplicity of an explanation (Straightforward)
Sometimes called ___

(Ex; Social contagion explanation about bulimia was more parsimonious than social norms, psychological disorders and risk factor)

Answer 16

Parsimony
Occam’s Razor

Question 17

Challenging the findings through test of new hypothesis; content of science changes as we acquire new scientific information, an old information is reevaluated in light of new facts.
- It ensures the reliability and validity of research findings.
- (Ex ; Backfire effect)

Answer 17

Self-correction

Question 18

– initial step in understanding any phenomenon;
refers to a systematic and unbiased account of the observed
characteristics of behaviors

• (e.g., case studies and surveys)

Answer 18

Description

Question 19

refers to the capability of knowing in advance when
certain behaviors would be accepted to occur

• (e.g., correlational design)

Answer 19

Predictions

Question 20

includes knowledge of the conditions that reliably
reproduce the occurrence of a behavior

• (i.e., true experiments, established a cause and effect)

Answer 20

Explanation

Question 21

application of what has been learned about the behavior.

Answer 21

Control

Question 22

____ research that is designed to solve real-world problems. (May benefit sa nakararami)

____ research designed to test theories or to explain
psychological phenomena.

Answer 22

Applied research
Basic research

Question 23

___systematic noting and recording of events; only observable events can be studied scientifically.
(For it to be observable, dini-define natin ang variable into observable, Ex; anxiety)
___ quantifying or assigning numerical values to objects or events or their characteristics according to the general rules.

Answer 23

Observation
Measurement

Question 24

___numbers are assigned to represent different features of an observation.
___ describing observations using
words.

Answer 24

Quantitative research
Qualitative research

Question 25

process undertaken to test a prediction, called hypothesis, and establish a cause-and-effect relationship. ○ To do experiment, hypothesis must be testable. ○ Ethical concerns and technological limitations may prevent experimentation.

Answer 25

Experimentation

Question 26

is a controlled procedure in which at least ____ different treatment conditions are applied to subjects. Subjects’ behavior are then measured and compared to test hypothesis about the effects of those treatments on subjects’ behavior (Dependent Variable).

Answer 26

Psychology experiment Two

Question 27

___ also called antecedents, are all circumstances that occur or exist before the event or behavior to be explained; ___ specific sets of antecedent conditions. These treatment conditions are presented to the subjects and then compared to systematically and scientifically explain behavior. ___ - specific behavior that a researcher tries to explain in an experiment; the variable that is measured

Answer 27

Independent variable Treatment Dependent variable

Question 28

Effects of Classical Music to the Memory Retention of College Students ❏ ____ Classical Music ❏ ____ 2 conditions: no music (1) and classical music (2) 3 conditions: no music (1), low volume (2) and high volume of classical music (3) ❏ ____ VARIABLE: Memory retention

Answer 28

IV treatment DV

Question 29

Successful experimentation relies heavily on the principle of ____ ● Presenting a treatment condition in an _____ manner to all subjects ● ____ of subjects to different treatment conditions. ● Keeping environment, procedures, and instruments ___ for all subjects

Answer 29

Control Identical Random assignment Constant

Question 30

The type of cause-and-effect relationship established through experiments are called ___ ____ conditions may be classified to have an effect on the behavior. ( Mas attainable, mas aim applicable in real life) ____condition is identified to produce the greatest effect on the behavior.

Answer 30

Temporal relationship Sufficient Necessary

Question 31

“___” which means false in Greek; any field of study that gives the appearance of being scientific but has no true scientific basis and has not been confirmed using scientific method. ____palm reading, astrology etc.

Answer 31

Pseudo Modern pseudoscience

Question 32

___ involved assessing traits and dispositions by measuring the size and location of bumps on the skull. ___ involved using facial features (i.e., appearance of eyes,ears, nose, chin and forehead) toevaluate traits, mental capacity,and skills. ___ fluids in the body flow by magnetic principles and that illnesses can be cured byrealigning fluids through magnets, electrodes, or hands.

Answer 32

Phrenology Physiognomy Mesmerism

Question 33

___opened the first experimental psychology laboratory in the United States at John Hopkins University in 1883; founded the American Psychological Association ___ developed a research tradition of randomized experiments in laboratories and specialized textbooks in the 1800s. ___ published Über das Gedächtnis ("On Memory"), which was later translated to English “Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology” (1885) - pioneered the experimental study of memory.

Answer 33

G. Stanley hall Charles Sanders pierce Herman Ebbinghaus

Question 34

___published the book “Elements of Physiological Psychology” in 1887. ___ established the world's third experimental psychology lab at University of Pennsylvania ___ published “The Principles of Psychology”

Answer 34

George Trumbull ladd James McKeen Cattell William james

Question 35

___ established the experimental psychology laboratory at Wellesley College in ___ conducted the Little Albert Experiment in 1920. ___ published the book “A History of Experimental Psychology” in 1929. ___ published Construct Validity in Psychological Tests in 1955, which popularized the use of the construct validity in psychological research.

Answer 35

Mary whiton calkins John B watson and Rosalie rayner Edwin boring Lee chronbach

Question 36

____ in the middle of 20th century, behaviorism become the dominant paradigm. ❑ ____ - Frederick Barlett, Kenneth James Williams, William Adman Hick and Donald Broadbent focus on topic such as thinking, memory and attention.

Answer 36

United States Europe

Question 37

Pertains to research about the psychological process underlying behavior; relying on scientific methodology

Answer 37

Psychological science

Question 38

Common sense psychologist gather data in a systematic and impartial way constrained by two very important factors: 1. _____ 2. _____

Answer 38

The sources of psychological information Inferential strategies

Question 39

The ___ we use when processing data are too simple to be accurate (Used to draw conclusion from data or information that isn't explicitly stated) EX: Use prior knowledge and experiences to understand new information. ( if you know that spaghetti is usually inexpensive, you might infer that someone ordering it is trying to save money)

Answer 39

Inferential strategies

Question 40

SELF-CORRECTION We can never prove a statement because a contradictory observation might be found later (Kung mali ang result mali ang premise) - A previous statement from whic another is inferred or follows as a conclusion

Answer 40

Principles of modus tolly

Question 41

There are situations where conducting an experiment isn't feasible due to ethical, practical or logistical reason, therefore it is ____ possible to conduct

Answer 41

Not always

Question 42

Pertains to research about the psychological processes underlying behavior

Answer 42

Psychological science