CHAPTER 1 QUIZ Flashcards
Kind of everyday, nonscientific data gathering that shapes our expectations and beliefs and directs our behavior toward others
Common sense psychology
Gather data in a systematic and impartial way constrained by two very important factors: the sources of psychological information and inferential strategies
Common sense psychologist
The data gathered by a common sense psychologist are often derived from the sources that seem credible and trustworthy (family, friends, etc.)
Nonscientific sources of data
This is based on personal judgement and gut feelings rather than rational thought. For instance, you might feel that someone is trustworthy just by looking at them
Nonscientific sources of data
( Tradition) Long standing customs and practices passed down through generations
(personal experiences) Anecdotal evidence from one’s own life or the lives of others. While these stories can be compelling, they don’t provide the systematic evidence needed for scientific conclusion
Nonscientific sources
Inferential strategies that people make to come up with decisions based from readily available information
Nonscientific inference
( Stereotyping) Assuming that all teenagers are rebellious or that all elderly people are bad with technology
( Gambler fallacy) If a coins lands on head several times in a row, someone might infer that tails due to happen next, even though each flip is independent and has an equal probability of landing on heads or tails
Nonscientific inference
Once we believe in something, we tend to overlook instances that might disconform our beliefs and instead, seek confirmatory instances of behavior
Confirmation bias
Predictions, guesses and explanations tend to feel much more correct than they actually are, and the more data we have available, the more confidence we have in our judgements about behavior
Overconfidence bias
2 types of nonscientific inference
Confirmation bias
Overconfidence bias
Steps in scientific method
Observation
Question
Form hypothesis
Make a prediction
Do experiment
Analyze results
Report results
The ___ is coined by ____; behavior must follow a natural order, therefore it can be predicted
Scientific mentality
Alfred North whitehead
Collecting data that are observable and experienced. Capable of being verified or disproved through investigation (kayang i-observed directly) Clinical trials, surveys and questionnaires, laboratory experiments
Gathering empirical data
____ Scientist go beyond cataloging observation to proposing general principles ( Applicable ang information)
____ Principles have the generality to apply in all situations
____ interim explanation (not proven)
Seeking general principles
Laws
Theory
Approach to collection and interpretation of data should be systematic, objectives and rational
Ex ; (Bobo doll) How people learn new behavior?, provide insights into the effects of media violence on children, influencing policies and further research
Good thinking
Pertaining to simplicity of an explanation (Straightforward)
Sometimes called ___
(Ex; Social contagion explanation about bulimia was more parsimonious than social norms, psychological disorders and risk factor)
Parsimony
Occam’s Razor
Challenging the findings through test of new hypothesis; content of science changes as we acquire new scientific information, an old information is reevaluated in light of new facts.
- It ensures the reliability and validity of research findings.
- (Ex ; Backfire effect)
Self-correction
– initial step in understanding any phenomenon;
refers to a systematic and unbiased account of the observed
characteristics of behaviors
- (e.g., case studies and surveys)
Description
refers to the capability of knowing in advance when
certain behaviors would be accepted to occur
- (e.g., correlational design)
Predictions
includes knowledge of the conditions that reliably
reproduce the occurrence of a behavior
- (i.e., true experiments, established a cause and effect)
Explanation
application of what has been learned about the behavior.
Control
____ research that is designed to solve real-world problems. (May benefit sa nakararami)
____ research designed to test theories or to explain
psychological phenomena.
Applied research
Basic research
___systematic noting and recording of events; only observable events can be studied scientifically.
(For it to be observable, dini-define natin ang variable into observable, Ex; anxiety)
___ quantifying or assigning numerical values to objects or events or their characteristics according to the general rules.
Observation
Measurement
___numbers are assigned to represent different features of an observation.
___ describing observations using
words.
Quantitative research
Qualitative research
process undertaken to test a prediction, called hypothesis, and establish a cause-and-effect
relationship.
○ To do experiment, hypothesis must be testable.
○ Ethical concerns and technological limitations may prevent
experimentation.
Experimentation
is a controlled procedure in which at
least ____ different treatment conditions are applied to subjects.
Subjects’ behavior are then measured and compared to test
hypothesis about the effects of those treatments on subjects’
behavior (Dependent Variable).
Psychology experiment
Two
___ also called antecedents, are all circumstances that occur or exist
before the event or behavior to be explained;
___ specific sets of antecedent conditions. These treatment conditions are presented to the subjects and then compared to systematically and scientifically
explain behavior.
___ - specific behavior that a researcher tries to explain in an experiment; the variable that is measured
Independent variable
Treatment
Dependent variable
Effects of Classical Music to the Memory Retention of College
Students
❏ ____ Classical Music
❏ ____
2 conditions: no music (1) and classical music (2)
3 conditions: no music (1), low volume (2) and high
volume of classical music (3)
❏ ____ VARIABLE: Memory retention
IV
treatment
DV
Successful experimentation relies heavily on the principle of ____
● Presenting a treatment condition in an _____ manner to all subjects
● ____ of subjects to different treatment conditions.
● Keeping environment, procedures, and instruments ___ for all subjects
Control
Identical
Random assignment
Constant
The type of cause-and-effect relationship established through
experiments are called ___
____ conditions may be classified to have an effect on
the behavior. ( Mas attainable, mas aim applicable in real life)
____condition is identified to produce the greatest effect on the behavior.
Temporal relationship
Sufficient
Necessary
“___” which means false in Greek; any field of study that gives the appearance of being scientific
but has no true scientific basis and has not been confirmed using scientific method.
____palm reading, astrology etc.
Pseudo
Modern pseudoscience
___ involved assessing traits and dispositions by measuring
the size and location of bumps on
the skull.
___ involved using facial features (i.e., appearance of eyes,ears, nose, chin and forehead) toevaluate traits, mental capacity,and skills.
___ fluids in the body flow by magnetic principles and that illnesses can be cured byrealigning fluids through magnets, electrodes, or hands.
Phrenology
Physiognomy
Mesmerism
___opened the first experimental psychology laboratory in the United States at John Hopkins University in
1883; founded the American Psychological Association
___ developed a research tradition of
randomized experiments in laboratories and specialized
textbooks in the 1800s.
___ published Über das Gedächtnis (“On Memory”), which was later translated to English “Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology” (1885)
- pioneered the experimental study of memory.
G. Stanley hall
Charles Sanders pierce
Herman Ebbinghaus
___published the book “Elements of
Physiological Psychology” in 1887.
___ established the world’s third
experimental psychology lab at University of Pennsylvania
___ published “The Principles of Psychology”
George Trumbull ladd
James McKeen Cattell
William james
___ established the experimental psychology laboratory at Wellesley College in
___ conducted the Little Albert
Experiment in 1920.
___ published the book “A History of Experimental Psychology” in 1929.
___ published Construct Validity in Psychological Tests in 1955, which popularized the use of the construct
validity in psychological research.
Mary whiton calkins
John B watson and Rosalie rayner
Edwin boring
Lee chronbach
____ in the middle of 20th century, behaviorism become the dominant paradigm.
❑ ____ - Frederick Barlett, Kenneth James Williams, William
Adman Hick and Donald Broadbent focus on topic such as
thinking, memory and attention.
United States
Europe
Pertains to research about the psychological process underlying behavior; relying on scientific methodology
Psychological science
Common sense psychologist gather data in a systematic and impartial way constrained by two very important factors:
1. _____
2. _____
The sources of psychological information
Inferential strategies
The ___ we use when processing data are too simple to be accurate
(Used to draw conclusion from data or information that isn’t explicitly stated)
EX: Use prior knowledge and experiences to understand new information. ( if you know that spaghetti is usually inexpensive, you might infer that someone ordering it is trying to save money)
Inferential strategies
SELF-CORRECTION
We can never prove a statement because a contradictory observation might be found later (Kung mali ang result mali ang premise) - A previous statement from whic another is inferred or follows as a conclusion
Principles of modus tolly
There are situations where conducting an experiment isn’t feasible due to ethical, practical or logistical reason, therefore it is ____ possible to conduct
Not always
Pertains to research about the psychological processes underlying behavior
Psychological science
