LECTURE 6 Flashcards
Important component of true experiment is the ____
Principle of control
When there is a principle of control we can establish ____
Internal validity
If there is internal validity we can establish ____
Cause and effect relationship
These are SITUATIONAL VARIABLE
Includes the testing environment, noise, distractions, day of the week, time of testing, etc.
Physical variables
Conducting a memory experiment on Thursday for a treatment group A and on friday for treatment group B is an example of?
Physical variable
These variable can be controlled through ____, _____ and ____
Elimination
Constancy of conditions
Balancing
“do not disturb. Experiment in progress” is an example of?
Elimination
If we cannot eliminate extraneous variables, we try to make sure that it stays the same in all treatment conditions
Constancy of conditions
Keeping all aspects of the treatment conditions as nearly similar as possible
Constancy of conditions
Testing in the same room or same time is an example of?
Constancy of condition
It is important for the mechanics of the testing procedure to be constant (INSTRUCTIONS and time) unless it is your IV
Refers to the technique of distributing the effects of an extraneous variable across different treatment conditions
Balancing
This is used when elimination and constancy are not possible
Balancing
• Keep the physical
variables constant if
elimination is not
possible
• Balance the effects of
physical variables
when constancy is not
possible.
Constancy
Balancing
● Refers to the qualities of the relationships between subjects and
experimenters that can influence results.
● Includes the two principal social variables: _____,
and ____
Social variables
Demand characteristics
Experimenter bias
Refers to aspects of the experimental situation which demand people
to behave in a particular way (e.g., experiment title, obvious manipulation of IV)
Demand characteristics
Subjects may consciously or unconsciously alter their behavior to
conform to the “expected” behavior.
Demand characteristics
subjects want to perform well for
the experimenter
“Good subject” phenomenon
We want our subjects to be as naive as possible; they must not know
the ____
Hypothesis
Demand characteristics can be controlled in two ways: ____ or the ____
Single blind experiment
Use of cover stories
Refers to an experiment in which subjects do not know which treatment they are getting.
Single blind experiment
This approach is common in experiments with drugs.
Single blind experiment
subjects see beneficial effect of fake medication
(placebo) because of positive expectancies.
Placebo effect
Refers to the plausible but fake explanation for the procedures used
in the study to disguise the actual hypothesis.
Cover stories
It is an effective way of controlling demand characteristics, but it
obviously entails deception.
● If you believe that your research can have internal validity without a
cover story, do not use one.
Cover strories
● Refers to the situation where the experimenter himself/herself does
something that creates confounding in the experiment.
● This happens when the experimenter behaves differently in various
treatment conditions.
Experimenter bias
Gestures, tone, facial expression of the experimenter varies
across treatment conditions.
Experimenter bias
This also occurs when the researcher intentionally or unintentionally
gives the subject a cue to respond in a particular way.
Experimenter bias
____ also known as the _____ or Self-
Fulfilling Prophecy, this refers to the tendency of positive
expectations to influence performance positively, and negative
expectations to influence performance negatively.
Rosenthal effect
Pymaglion effect
Self-fulfilling prohecy
Experimenter treats subject differently and gives more attention
to the subjects that seems having difficulty in understanding the
instruction.
Experimenter bias
If consistency of the experimenter’s behavior seems not enough, it is
best to use _____ the subjects do not know
which treatment they are receiving, and the researcher does not know
either.
Double-blind experiment
• Not assigning participants to treatment conditions until after we have
finished interacting with them.
● Making sure that the scorer of responses does not know which
treatment each subject received.
● Using standardized testing and scoring procedures.
● Keeping the words and voice in reading instructions consistent.
● Anticipating subjects’ reactions or doing pilot study.
Other methods
• ____ Only control demand characteristics.
• _____ Control both the demand characteristic and experimenter bias.
Single blind
Double blind
● If possible, use multiple experimenters and make sure that each runs
about the same number of people in each of the conditions of the
experiment (i.e., balancing)
● It is also best to limit face-to-face interactions and adhere to the
experimental procedures
Experimenter
• In experiment, we need to ensure that the subjects truly represent the
population of our interest
• Volunteers tend to be more sociable, liberal, and less authoritarian
than non-volunteers (Rosenthal and Rosnow, 1969)
Volunteer subjects
Friends of the researchers should ___ be selected as their subjects
because they can threaten external validity and they might act
differently during the experiment compared to stranger subjects
Not
Set of extraneous variables that come about from procedures created
by the environment of the research setting
Content variable
Include subject recruitment, selection, and assignment procedures
Content variable
If you are allowed to choose your own participants (e.g., through
convenience sampling), it is always best to gather people you do not
know
● You cannot recruit only those who smile and seem friendly
Even if you have subjects that are aggressive or intimidating, stick
with ____
Random assignment
WHEN THE EXPERIMENTER CHANGES THEMSELVES
Experimenters could become more accurate and faster as they read
instructions to subjects
● This can be controlled if you are highly practiced before you run any
subjects
They could also become less interested or bored as they conduct the
experiment
● This can be solved through _____ to ensure that one
condition does not finish earlier than another, or through ____
Random assignment
Limiting face-to-face interactions
Keep in mind that there is often a trade-off between internal validity
and external validity
Controlling extraneous variables increases our ____, but it
reduces our ____ at the same time
Internal validity
External validity
Nonetheless, do not sacrifice the internal validity for the external
validity
Experimenter becomes less interested or bored as they conduct the experiment
Context Variable (when experimenter themselves change)
Naturally na nagbabago because of the process itself
Context Variable (When the experimenter themselves change)
If you will use ____ mas maganda na dimo kakilala ang kukunin na subjects (looks, regardless of characteristics)
CONVENIENT SAMPLING
Kapag pare-parehas ang subjects, walang makukuhang significant difference ( same preference in music: metal)
We can use ____ para ma-ensure na di makaka apekto ang personality natin sa experiment.
Multiple experimenter
Kapag personality variable, yung personality yung may impact sa experiment
Kapag social variable it is about the relationship na established or interaction. Kapag social variable palaging may INI-EXPECT from the subject. Ginagawa mo ang behavior because you want them to perform well.
Subjects sometimes learn better, talk more, get better scores on intelligence and adjustment tests, and are typically more compliant when the experimenter is ____ (Rosenthal,1976)
Friendly
Ensure that the procedure is ____ when measuring Dependent variable and introducing independent variable. There should be specific procedure that should be adhere (kailangan sundin) For example; 1 hour lang ang time para i-measure ang DV
Standardized
We should build ___ before random assignment
Rapport
There will be a leader that will tell subjects random assignment, co-experimenter and subjects do not know which treatment are received
Double blind experiment
Kapag ang experimenter ay may ini-expect positively or negatively sa subject they perform what is expected
Rosenthal effect
We use deception in ____
Cover stories
Subjects are completely unaware sa mga treatment na binibigay
Single blind
When there is an impact of the relationship established interaction between the experimenter and the subject in to the findings of the subjects (Impact ng interaction ng experimenter sa result ng findings)
Social variable
