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bio 180 exam 2 > lecture 7 > Flashcards

lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main commonality between bacteria and archae?

A

both unicellular and both are prokaryotes

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2
Q

What are the main differences between bacteria and archae?

A

Archae extreme environments

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3
Q

What is the name of the field studying these microbes that can only be individually seen with aid of a microscope?

A

microbiology

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4
Q

why study microbiology?

A

medical, food, and industry purposes

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5
Q

Morphological Diversity:
What shapes, arrangements, and motility types exist?

A

coccus (round)
bacillus (rod)
spirochates/spirillum(spiral)
“strip of strep”->linear
staph->clustered
flagella, axial filaments, gliding (cork screw)

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6
Q

Gram Positive Bacteria and Gram Negative Bacteria and how they differ?

A

gram negative bacteria is harder to treat, more layers selective porins

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7
Q

gram stain purpose?

A

distinguishes bacteria

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8
Q

4 main steps of gram stain

A
  1. primary stain
  2. mordant
  3. 95% alcohol
  4. counter stain
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9
Q

Bacteria and Archae produce ATP in what 3 ways?

A
  1. chemoorganotrophs
  2. chemolithotrophs
  3. phototrophs
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10
Q

Bacteria and Archae obtain Building Block carbon in what 2 ways?

A
  1. heterotrophs
  2. autotrophs
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11
Q

Genetic Diversity through Gene Transfer: What are the 3 main methods?

A
  • Transformation- from naked dna
  • Transduction- from virus
  • Conjugation- from bacteria
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12
Q

Enrichment Definition and example

A

growing with extra nutrients for robust growth
ex: winogradsky column

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13
Q

Isolation Definition and example

A

get individual colonies
ex: quadrant streak

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14
Q

3 techniques to further study microbial populations…
how do these 3 differ?
* Metagenomics
* Metatranscriptomics
* Metaproteomics

A
  • Metagenomics- DNA
  • Metatranscriptomics- RNA
  • Metaproteomics- protein
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15
Q

What does bioremediation mean?

A

use microbes to clean up pollution

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16
Q

xenobiotics definiton

A

man made chemicals

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17
Q

normal flora

A

microbes living on/in you

18
Q

How can Normal Flora be opportunistic pathogens?

A

can make you sick if in wrong place or you are immunocompromised

19
Q

Pathogenicity is…

A

the ability to make you sick

20
Q

Virulence is…

A

how strong it is/how sick it can make you

21
Q

NosocomialInfections…

A

pick up infection in medical facility

22
Q

koch postulates used to do what?

A

to study etology

23
Q

communicable diseases?

A

can catch from other people but need direct contact

24
Q

contagious diseases?

A

spread person to person quickly easily through air

25
Q

noncommunicable diseases?

A

can’t be spread person to person
ex***tetanus

26
Q

What are the main mechanisms of Transmission and how do they differ?

A

contact transmission–>contact w/person
vehicle–>sick from “fomites”
vector–> from arthropods

27
Q

exotoxins are from…

A

gram positive
**LIVING BACTERIA

28
Q

endotoxins are from…

A

gram negatives
***BACTERIA DIES SO LESS TOXIN

29
Q

endospores are

A

protective structure when conditions are bad

30
Q

germination

A

become active
***BOTULISM

31
Q

quorum

A

released toxins only when lots of bacteria

32
Q

biofilms

A

lots of species together

33
Q

broad spectrum

A

kills lots

34
Q

narrow spectrum

A

kills select

35
Q

bacteria cidal

A

kills (“hot temps”)

36
Q

bacteriastatic

A

slows or stops growing (“cold temp”)

37
Q

selective toxicity

A

hurt/kill pathogen without hurting host

38
Q

most selectively toxic target

A

cell wall

39
Q

least selectively toxic target

A

plasma membrane

40
Q

What actions increase Antibiotic Resistance crisis?

A

-over prescribing
-not finishing full course
-taking or giving to someone else

bio 180 exam 2 (4 decks)

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