lecture 7 Flashcards
What is the main commonality between bacteria and archae?
both unicellular and both are prokaryotes
What are the main differences between bacteria and archae?
Archae extreme environments
What is the name of the field studying these microbes that can only be individually seen with aid of a microscope?
microbiology
why study microbiology?
medical, food, and industry purposes
Morphological Diversity:
What shapes, arrangements, and motility types exist?
coccus (round)
bacillus (rod)
spirochates/spirillum(spiral)
“strip of strep”->linear
staph->clustered
flagella, axial filaments, gliding (cork screw)
Gram Positive Bacteria and Gram Negative Bacteria and how they differ?
gram negative bacteria is harder to treat, more layers selective porins
gram stain purpose?
distinguishes bacteria
4 main steps of gram stain
- primary stain
- mordant
- 95% alcohol
- counter stain
Bacteria and Archae produce ATP in what 3 ways?
- chemoorganotrophs
- chemolithotrophs
- phototrophs
Bacteria and Archae obtain Building Block carbon in what 2 ways?
- heterotrophs
- autotrophs
Genetic Diversity through Gene Transfer: What are the 3 main methods?
- Transformation- from naked dna
- Transduction- from virus
- Conjugation- from bacteria
Enrichment Definition and example
growing with extra nutrients for robust growth
ex: winogradsky column
Isolation Definition and example
get individual colonies
ex: quadrant streak
3 techniques to further study microbial populations…
how do these 3 differ?
* Metagenomics
* Metatranscriptomics
* Metaproteomics
- Metagenomics- DNA
- Metatranscriptomics- RNA
- Metaproteomics- protein
What does bioremediation mean?
use microbes to clean up pollution
xenobiotics definiton
man made chemicals
normal flora
microbes living on/in you
How can Normal Flora be opportunistic pathogens?
can make you sick if in wrong place or you are immunocompromised
Pathogenicity is…
the ability to make you sick
Virulence is…
how strong it is/how sick it can make you
NosocomialInfections…
pick up infection in medical facility
koch postulates used to do what?
to study etology
communicable diseases?
can catch from other people but need direct contact
contagious diseases?
spread person to person quickly easily through air
noncommunicable diseases?
can’t be spread person to person
ex***tetanus
What are the main mechanisms of Transmission and how do they differ?
contact transmission–>contact w/person
vehicle–>sick from “fomites”
vector–> from arthropods
exotoxins are from…
gram positive
**LIVING BACTERIA
endotoxins are from…
gram negatives
***BACTERIA DIES SO LESS TOXIN
endospores are
protective structure when conditions are bad
germination
become active
***BOTULISM
quorum
released toxins only when lots of bacteria
biofilms
lots of species together
broad spectrum
kills lots
narrow spectrum
kills select
bacteria cidal
kills (“hot temps”)
bacteriastatic
slows or stops growing (“cold temp”)
selective toxicity
hurt/kill pathogen without hurting host
most selectively toxic target
cell wall
least selectively toxic target
plasma membrane
What actions increase Antibiotic Resistance crisis?
-over prescribing
-not finishing full course
-taking or giving to someone else
