lecture 6

Question 1

what does speciation means?

Answer 1

biological, morphospecies, and phylogenetic

Question 2

how does speciation affect biodiversity

Answer 2

increases it

Question 3

what is the main criteria for identifying species?

Answer 3

reproductive isolation

Question 4

what is the difference between prezygotic and postzygotic isolation?

Answer 4

pre zygotic- isolation before mating
post zygotic- not able to produce offspring that can survive

Question 5

biological species

Answer 5

reproductive success

Question 6

morphospecies

Answer 6

new and different species

Question 7

phylogenetic species

Answer 7

identifies or separates species based on their evolutionary history

Question 8

allopatry-

Answer 8

populations geographically separated

Question 9

How does allopatric speciation differ in Dispersal
versus Vicariance?

Answer 9

the movement of organisms from one location to a new location

Question 10

How does this differ from sympatric speciation?

Answer 10

separation despite living in same area

Question 11

external events

Answer 11

disruptive selection

Question 12

internal events

Answer 12

chromosomal mutations

Question 13

Autopolyploidy

Answer 13

created when mutation leads to double chromosomes all from same species

Question 14

polyploidy

Answer 14

have more than one set of chromosomes

Question 15

Allopolyploidy

Answer 15

two different species mate and an error in mitosis occurs creating a viable, non sterile offspring with twice the usual chromosomes

Question 16

What does Phylogeny actually mean?

Answer 16

evolutionary history of a group of organisms

Question 17

phylogenetic trees

Answer 17

graphical representation of this history

Question 18

what is an outgroup

Answer 18

sister group that shares a common ancestor with the taxa being studied but it is not focus of study

Question 19

ancestral traits

Answer 19

traits in common ancestor

Question 20

derived traits

Answer 20

traits not present in common ancestor

Question 21

synapomorphy

Answer 21

trait found in most recent common ancestor but not the older distant ancestors

Question 22

How do autapomorphies differ from synapomorphies?

Answer 22

autapomorphies only found in a single taxa such as humans

Question 23

monophyletic group

Answer 23

evolutionary unit that includes an ancestral population and all of its descendants but no others

Question 24

polyphyletic

Answer 24

are groups that do not include most recent ancestor

Question 25

paraphyletic

Answer 25

would be a group that include ancestor and most descendants but put all descendants

Question 26

homology

Answer 26

when traits are similar due to shared ancestry

Question 27

homoplasy

Answer 27

when traits are similar for reasons other than common ancestry

Question 28

convergent evolution

Answer 28

common cause of homoplasy

Question 29

fossil

Answer 29

any physical remains of an organism that has extinct in the past

Question 30

fossil record

Answer 30

total or complete collection of all fossils found around the world so far

Question 31

what are the 4 main limitations

Answer 31

1. habitat bias
   2.taxonomic and tissue bias
2. temporal bias
   4.abundance bias

Question 32

Cambrian explosion

Answer 32

went from unicellular organisms to major villa a emerged into a short period of time

Question 33

what is Cambrian explosion an example of

Answer 33

adaptive radiation

Question 34

What are 4 hypotheses that can
explain how Cambrian Explosion happened?

Answer 34

1. higher oxygen levels
2. evolution of prediction
3. new niches
4. new genes

Question 35

mass extinction

Answer 35

a wide spread event that wipes out the majority of living plants and animals

Question 36

background extinction

Answer 36

refers to the normal extinction rate

Question 37

how many big pass extinctions have there been

Answer 37

5