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Bio 286 > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

All life requires _____, _______, and _______

A

electron flow to drive life processes, energy to move electrons, and materials to make cell parts

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2
Q

______ are major elements in cell macromolecules

A

macronutrients

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3
Q

________ are trace elements necessary for enzyme function

A

micronutrients

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4
Q

C, O, H, N, P, S, Se, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, K+ are examples of ________

A

macronutrients

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5
Q

Most microbes are ____ that use organic carbon

A

heterotrophs

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6
Q

____ use carbon dioxide

A

Autotrophs

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7
Q

_____ use light energy to excite electrons, these excited molecules are _____ _____

A

Phototrophs; electron donors

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8
Q

Chemotrophs use _____ as their electron donors

A

chemicals

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9
Q

Chemotrophs do _____, which is ______ electrons

A

oxidation; donating

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10
Q

_____ is accepting electrons

A

Reduction

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11
Q

Electron flow requires ______ and _____

A

source of electrons and ultimate electron acceptor

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12
Q

_______ use inorganic molecules as their electron donors

A

lithotrophs

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13
Q

______ use organic molecules as their electron donors

A

organotrophs

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14
Q

Inorganic molecules do _____

A

respiration

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15
Q

Organic molecules do ______

A

fermentation

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16
Q

What are the two main ways nutrients are taken into the cell

A

Active transport and passive transport

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17
Q

What are the 3 types of active transport

A

ABC, symport/antiport, group translocation

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18
Q

what are the 2 main forms of passive transport

A

passive diffusion and facilitated diffusion

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19
Q

ABC transport
Carrier:
Energy:
Substrate concentrated in cell:

A

Carrier: yes
Energy: ATP
Substrate concentrated in cell: yes

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20
Q

symport/antiport
Carrier:
Energy:
Substrate concentrated in cell:

A

Carrier: yes
Energy: gradient
Substrate concentrated in cell: yes

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21
Q

Group translocation
Carrier:
Energy:
Substrate concentrated in cell:

A

Carrier: yes
Energy: PEP
Substrate concentrated in cell: no

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22
Q

Passive diffusion
Carrier:
Energy:
Substrate concentrated in cell:

A

Carrier: no
Energy: no
Substrate concentrated in cell: no

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23
Q

Facilitated diffusion
Carrier:
Energy:
Substrate concentrated in cell:

A

Carrier: yes
Energy: no
Substrate concentrated in cell: no

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24
Q

Which method of nutrient uptake allows some gases to pass freely through membranes and follows the gradient of material

A

passive diffusion

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25
Which method of nutrient uptake uses transporters to pass material into/out of the cell and follows the gradient of material
Facillitated diffusion
26
Which method of nutrient uptake uses ATP energy to pass material into the cell and transports material against the gradient
ABC transporters
27
Which method of nutrient uptake uses the gradient of one molecule to transport another. The electron transport creates a _____-_____ _____ which transports other molecules against its gradient
symport and antiport; Proton-Motive Force (PMF)
28
Which method of nutrient uptake uses high-energy phosphate to pass material into the cell. As the material enters the cell, it gets _____. In this method, the gradient is maintained to push material into the cell
Phosphotransferase System (PTS); modified
29
Catabolism _______ ______ molecules for energy
breaks down
30
Anabolism uses energy to ______ _____ _____. This reduces entropy (creating order)
build cell components
31
_______ is the balance between catabolism and anabolism
metabolism
32
Metabolism uses _____ _______ _______ for TCA cycle, glycolysis, pentose phosphate shunt
central biochemical pathways
33
Enzymes are______ _______ critical for life
biological catalysts
34
Enzymes are nearly always _______
proteins
35
_____ _______ fit into the _____ ______ of enzymes
substrate molecules; active sites
36
Some enzymes require the addition of another non-protein molecule to function as an enzyme, these are called ______. Examples of these include _____ and _____
cofactors; metal and vitamins
37
1st group of enzymes name
Oxidoreductases
38
1st group of enzymes function
oxidation/reduction
39
2nd group of enzymes name
transferases
40
2nd group of enzymes function
attach atoms or groups
41
3rd group of enzymes name
hydrolases
42
3rd group of enzymes function
split with addition of water/breaking down polymers
43
4th group of enzymes name
lyases
44
4th group of enzymes function
split without water/breaking down bonds
45
5th group of enzymes name
isomerases
46
5th group of enzymes function
invert molecules/invert chirality
47
6th group of enzymes name
ligases
48
6th group of enzymes function
join using nucleoside triphosphate (ex: ATP)
49
what is the equation for gibbs free energy
Delta G = Delta H - T * Delta S
50
delta H = | this the release of _____
change in enthalpy; heat
51
delta s=______
change of entropy
52
delta G must be _______ for reaction to occur
negative
53
An exergonic reaction has a _____ delta G and is considered ______
negative; favorable
54
endergonic reactions have _____ delta G and are ______
positive; non-favorable
55
activation energy is ______ with an enzyme
lowered
56
gradient= _____ _____
stored energy
57
Entropy is _______ at higher temperatures
stronger
58
______ _______ is a major source of cell energy
electron transfer
59
Electron energy can be stored 1. 2. 3.
reduced chemicals concentration gradient phosphorylation of chemicals
60
NAD(H)= ______ _______ ________
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
61
NAD(H) serves as a temporary _______
acceptor
62
There is _____ amounts of NAD(H) in the cell
limited
63
NADP is used for ______ and NAD is used in _______
anabolism; catabolism
64
Phosphorylation energy uses ______ energy than oxidoreduction
less
65
No electron donor or acceptor is needed in _______
phosphorylation energy
66
______ is the most common phosphorylation energy
ATP
67
ATP=_____
Adenosine triphosphate
68
ATP has ____-energy _____ bonds
high energy phosphate bonds
69
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
molecules being used to form ATP
70
Electron donors include _____, ______, and ______
lithotrophy, organotrophy, phototrophy
71
electron acceptors include ____ and _____
respiration and fermentation
72
What is lithotrophy?
catabolism using inorganic molecules
73
What is organotrophy?
catabolism using organic molecules
74
What is phototrophy?
catabolism using light energy to reduce compounds, then using these as electron donors
75
What is respiration?
catabolism using inorganic molecules
76
What is fermentation?
catabolism using organic molecules
77
Three pathways of glucose metabolism
glycolysis, entner-doudoroff, pentose phosphate
78
What happens in stage 1 of glycolysis
energy is spent in the front end to get more later
79
what happens in glycolysis stage 2
splitting into two molecules doubles the reactants
80
what happens in glycolysis stage 3
break-even point using substrate-level phosphorylation
81
what happens in stage 4 of glycolysis
the payoff- a net yield of ATP by S.L.P.
82
What happens in Entner Doudoroff stage 1
energy is spent in the front end to get more later
83
entner doudoroff stage 2
splitting into two molecules give one reactant
84
entner doudoroff stage 3
break-even point using substrate-level phosphorylation
85
entner doudoroff stage 4
the payoff- a net yield of ATP by S.L.P.
86
which uses glucose, glycolysis or entner-doudoroff or both
both
87
which uses 2 ATP and which uses 1 ATP
glycolysis: 2 ATP | entner-doudoroff: 1 ATP
88
which forms 2 NADH and which forms 1 NADH and 1 NADPH
glycolysis: 2 | entner-doudoroff: 1 NADH and 1 NADPH
89
which makes 4 ATP and which makes 2 ATP
glycolysis: 4 ATP | entner-doudoroff: 2 ATP
90
which yields a net of 2 ATP and which yields a net of 1 ATP
glycolysis: 2 ATP net | entner-doudoroff: 1 ATP net
91
which forms 2 pyruvates and which forms 3 pyruvates
both glycolysis and entner-doudoroff form 2 pyruvates
92
which forms 5 intermediates and which forms 6 intermediates
glycolysis: 6 intermediates | entner-doudoroff: 5 intermediates
93
The _______ ________ _______ is like the ED pathway in that it forms 6-phosphogluconate
pentose phosphate shunt
94
the 6-phosphogluconate is converted to the key intermediate ____-_________
ribulose-5-phosphate
95
ribulose-5-phosphate produces a series of sugars, each containing _____ to ____ ______
containing 3 to 7 carbons
96
the pentose phosphate shunt produces ___ and __ _____
1 ATP and 2 NADPHs
97
what are the 2 NADPHs produced by the pentose phosphate shunt for
biosynthesis
98
the pentose phosphate shunt does not produce _____
NADH
99
5 + 5 yields 3 + 7
transketolase
100
3+7 yields 4+6
transaldolase
101
4+5 yields 3+6
transketolase
102
pentose phosphate allows what that no other pathways will
allows you to get 2, 3, 4, 5 carbon intermediates
103
what are the 3 cofactors of pyruvate dehydrogenase
TPP, Lipoamide, FAD
104
Pyruvate dehydrogenase is a ___-_____ _____
multi-protein complex
105
What are the 3 reactants of pyruvate dehydrogenase
Pyruvate, NAD+, CoA
106
What are the products of pyruvate dehydrogenase
acetyl-CoA, CO2, NADH, H+
107
why is it important that pyruvate dehydrogenase makes acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA is used to make stuff
108
What are the other names for the Krebs Cycle
TCA and Citiric Acid Cycle
109
What are the products of the citric acid cycle
1 ATP, 3 NADH + H+, 1 FADH2
110
What is produced by decarboxylation from each pyruvate that is oxidized
3 CO2
111
What is produced by redox reactions from each pyruvate that is oxidized
4 NADH and 1 FADH2
112
What is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation from each pyruvate that is oxidezed
1 ATP
113
Examples of a bacteria that can degrade many compounds are _______ and _______
Pseudomonas and Rhodococcus
114
The conversion of ______ into pyruvate allows for growth in a wide range of environmnets
aromatic compounds
115
bioremediation for things such as cleaning up oil spills, industrial sites, and degrading compounds uses ____________
aromatic catabolism (conversion of aromatic compounds into pyruvate)
116
Catechol is a central intermediate and entry point that allows for _________________
benzene derivatives to be catabolized

Bio 286 (7 decks)

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