Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 286 > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

All life requires _____, _______, and _______

A

electron flow to drive life processes, energy to move electrons, and materials to make cell parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

______ are major elements in cell macromolecules

A

macronutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

________ are trace elements necessary for enzyme function

A

micronutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

C, O, H, N, P, S, Se, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, K+ are examples of ________

A

macronutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Most microbes are ____ that use organic carbon

A

heterotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

____ use carbon dioxide

A

Autotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

_____ use light energy to excite electrons, these excited molecules are _____ _____

A

Phototrophs; electron donors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chemotrophs use _____ as their electron donors

A

chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Chemotrophs do _____, which is ______ electrons

A

oxidation; donating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

_____ is accepting electrons

A

Reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Electron flow requires ______ and _____

A

source of electrons and ultimate electron acceptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

_______ use inorganic molecules as their electron donors

A

lithotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

______ use organic molecules as their electron donors

A

organotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Inorganic molecules do _____

A

respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Organic molecules do ______

A

fermentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two main ways nutrients are taken into the cell

A

Active transport and passive transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 3 types of active transport

A

ABC, symport/antiport, group translocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the 2 main forms of passive transport

A

passive diffusion and facilitated diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ABC transport
Carrier:
Energy:
Substrate concentrated in cell:

A

Carrier: yes
Energy: ATP
Substrate concentrated in cell: yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

symport/antiport
Carrier:
Energy:
Substrate concentrated in cell:

A

Carrier: yes
Energy: gradient
Substrate concentrated in cell: yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Group translocation
Carrier:
Energy:
Substrate concentrated in cell:

A

Carrier: yes
Energy: PEP
Substrate concentrated in cell: no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Passive diffusion
Carrier:
Energy:
Substrate concentrated in cell:

A

Carrier: no
Energy: no
Substrate concentrated in cell: no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Facilitated diffusion
Carrier:
Energy:
Substrate concentrated in cell:

A

Carrier: yes
Energy: no
Substrate concentrated in cell: no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which method of nutrient uptake allows some gases to pass freely through membranes and follows the gradient of material

A

passive diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which method of nutrient uptake uses transporters to pass material into/out of the cell and follows the gradient of material

A

Facillitated diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which method of nutrient uptake uses ATP energy to pass material into the cell and transports material against the gradient

A

ABC transporters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which method of nutrient uptake uses the gradient of one molecule to transport another. The electron transport creates a _____-_____ _____ which transports other molecules against its gradient

A

symport and antiport; Proton-Motive Force (PMF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which method of nutrient uptake uses high-energy phosphate to pass material into the cell. As the material enters the cell, it gets _____. In this method, the gradient is maintained to push material into the cell

A

Phosphotransferase System (PTS); modified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Catabolism _______ ______ molecules for energy

A

breaks down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Anabolism uses energy to ______ _____ _____. This reduces entropy (creating order)

A

build cell components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

_______ is the balance between catabolism and anabolism

A

metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Metabolism uses _____ _______ _______ for TCA cycle, glycolysis, pentose phosphate shunt

A

central biochemical pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Enzymes are______ _______ critical for life

A

biological catalysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Enzymes are nearly always _______

A

proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

_____ _______ fit into the _____ ______ of enzymes

A

substrate molecules; active sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Some enzymes require the addition of another non-protein molecule to function as an enzyme, these are called ______. Examples of these include _____ and _____

A

cofactors; metal and vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

1st group of enzymes name

A

Oxidoreductases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

1st group of enzymes function

A

oxidation/reduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

2nd group of enzymes name

A

transferases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

2nd group of enzymes function

A

attach atoms or groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

3rd group of enzymes name

A

hydrolases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

3rd group of enzymes function

A

split with addition of water/breaking down polymers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

4th group of enzymes name

A

lyases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

4th group of enzymes function

A

split without water/breaking down bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

5th group of enzymes name

A

isomerases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

5th group of enzymes function

A

invert molecules/invert chirality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

6th group of enzymes name

A

ligases

48
Q

6th group of enzymes function

A

join using nucleoside triphosphate (ex: ATP)

49
Q

what is the equation for gibbs free energy

A

Delta G = Delta H - T * Delta S

50
Q

delta H =

this the release of _____

A

change in enthalpy; heat

51
Q

delta s=______

A

change of entropy

52
Q

delta G must be _______ for reaction to occur

A

negative

53
Q

An exergonic reaction has a _____ delta G and is considered ______

A

negative; favorable

54
Q

endergonic reactions have _____ delta G and are ______

A

positive; non-favorable

55
Q

activation energy is ______ with an enzyme

A

lowered

56
Q

gradient= _____ _____

A

stored energy

57
Q

Entropy is _______ at higher temperatures

A

stronger

58
Q

______ _______ is a major source of cell energy

A

electron transfer

59
Q

Electron energy can be stored
1.
2.
3.

A

reduced chemicals
concentration gradient
phosphorylation of chemicals

60
Q

NAD(H)= ______ _______ ________

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

61
Q

NAD(H) serves as a temporary _______

A

acceptor

62
Q

There is _____ amounts of NAD(H) in the cell

A

limited

63
Q

NADP is used for ______ and NAD is used in _______

A

anabolism; catabolism

64
Q

Phosphorylation energy uses ______ energy than oxidoreduction

A

less

65
Q

No electron donor or acceptor is needed in _______

A

phosphorylation energy

66
Q

______ is the most common phosphorylation energy

A

ATP

67
Q

ATP=_____

A

Adenosine triphosphate

68
Q

ATP has ____-energy _____ bonds

A

high energy phosphate bonds

69
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

molecules being used to form ATP

70
Q

Electron donors include _____, ______, and ______

A

lithotrophy, organotrophy, phototrophy

71
Q

electron acceptors include ____ and _____

A

respiration and fermentation

72
Q

What is lithotrophy?

A

catabolism using inorganic molecules

73
Q

What is organotrophy?

A

catabolism using organic molecules

74
Q

What is phototrophy?

A

catabolism using light energy to reduce compounds, then using these as electron donors

75
Q

What is respiration?

A

catabolism using inorganic molecules

76
Q

What is fermentation?

A

catabolism using organic molecules

77
Q

Three pathways of glucose metabolism

A

glycolysis, entner-doudoroff, pentose phosphate

78
Q

What happens in stage 1 of glycolysis

A

energy is spent in the front end to get more later

79
Q

what happens in glycolysis stage 2

A

splitting into two molecules doubles the reactants

80
Q

what happens in glycolysis stage 3

A

break-even point using substrate-level phosphorylation

81
Q

what happens in stage 4 of glycolysis

A

the payoff- a net yield of ATP by S.L.P.

82
Q

What happens in Entner Doudoroff stage 1

A

energy is spent in the front end to get more later

83
Q

entner doudoroff stage 2

A

splitting into two molecules give one reactant

84
Q

entner doudoroff stage 3

A

break-even point using substrate-level phosphorylation

85
Q

entner doudoroff stage 4

A

the payoff- a net yield of ATP by S.L.P.

86
Q

which uses glucose, glycolysis or entner-doudoroff or both

A

both

87
Q

which uses 2 ATP and which uses 1 ATP

A

glycolysis: 2 ATP

entner-doudoroff: 1 ATP

88
Q

which forms 2 NADH and which forms 1 NADH and 1 NADPH

A

glycolysis: 2

entner-doudoroff: 1 NADH and 1 NADPH

89
Q

which makes 4 ATP and which makes 2 ATP

A

glycolysis: 4 ATP

entner-doudoroff: 2 ATP

90
Q

which yields a net of 2 ATP and which yields a net of 1 ATP

A

glycolysis: 2 ATP net

entner-doudoroff: 1 ATP net

91
Q

which forms 2 pyruvates and which forms 3 pyruvates

A

both glycolysis and entner-doudoroff form 2 pyruvates

92
Q

which forms 5 intermediates and which forms 6 intermediates

A

glycolysis: 6 intermediates

entner-doudoroff: 5 intermediates

93
Q

The _______ ________ _______ is like the ED pathway in that it forms 6-phosphogluconate

A

pentose phosphate shunt

94
Q

the 6-phosphogluconate is converted to the key intermediate ____-_________

A

ribulose-5-phosphate

95
Q

ribulose-5-phosphate produces a series of sugars, each containing _____ to ____ ______

A

containing 3 to 7 carbons

96
Q

the pentose phosphate shunt produces ___ and __ _____

A

1 ATP and 2 NADPHs

97
Q

what are the 2 NADPHs produced by the pentose phosphate shunt for

A

biosynthesis

98
Q

the pentose phosphate shunt does not produce _____

A

NADH

99
Q

5 + 5 yields 3 + 7

A

transketolase

100
Q

3+7 yields 4+6

A

transaldolase

101
Q

4+5 yields 3+6

A

transketolase

102
Q

pentose phosphate allows what that no other pathways will

A

allows you to get 2, 3, 4, 5 carbon intermediates

103
Q

what are the 3 cofactors of pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

TPP, Lipoamide, FAD

104
Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase is a ___-_____ _____

A

multi-protein complex

105
Q

What are the 3 reactants of pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

Pyruvate, NAD+, CoA

106
Q

What are the products of pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

acetyl-CoA, CO2, NADH, H+

107
Q

why is it important that pyruvate dehydrogenase makes acetyl CoA

A

Acetyl CoA is used to make stuff

108
Q

What are the other names for the Krebs Cycle

A

TCA and Citiric Acid Cycle

109
Q

What are the products of the citric acid cycle

A

1 ATP, 3 NADH + H+, 1 FADH2

110
Q

What is produced by decarboxylation from each pyruvate that is oxidized

A

3 CO2

111
Q

What is produced by redox reactions from each pyruvate that is oxidized

A

4 NADH and 1 FADH2

112
Q

What is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation from each pyruvate that is oxidezed

A

1 ATP

113
Q

Examples of a bacteria that can degrade many compounds are _______ and _______

A

Pseudomonas and Rhodococcus

114
Q

The conversion of ______ into pyruvate allows for growth in a wide range of environmnets

A

aromatic compounds

115
Q

bioremediation for things such as cleaning up oil spills, industrial sites, and degrading compounds uses ____________

A

aromatic catabolism (conversion of aromatic compounds into pyruvate)

116
Q

Catechol is a central intermediate and entry point that allows for _________________

A

benzene derivatives to be catabolized

Bio 286 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions