Exam 1 Flashcards
What is microbiology
study of small living things
what is the working definition of microbiology
study of entities too small to be seen with the unaided human eye (<0.2mm=200micrometers=200,000nanometers)
Which of the following is cellular and which is acellular: Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Viruses
Cellular: Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes
Acellular: Viruses
Bacteria and archaea are ____
a) prokaryotes
b) eukaryotes
c) viruses
a) Prokaryotes
fungi, algae, protozoa, and helminths are _____
a) prokaryotes
b) eukaryotes
c) viruses
b) eukaryotes
bacteriophage are ___
a) prokaryotes
b) eukaryotes
c) viruses
c) viruses
Which of these sequences arranges the microbes from smallest to largest: 1 Escherichia coli (bacterium) 2 Paramecium caudatum (Protozoa) 3 Adenovirus (virus) 4 Candida albicans (yeast)
- Adenovirus (virus)
- Escherichia coli (bacterium)
- Candida albicans (yeast)
- Paramecium caudatum (protozoa)
What characteristics do both living organisms and viruses share?
Ability to reproduce and evolve
what are the characteristics of living organisms
metabolism, reproduction, differentiation, communication, locomotion, evolution
Which of the following are reasons it is important to study microbiology:
- Microbes are the earliest organisms found in the fossil record
- They perform essential reactions in the environment
- microbes can be harnessed to work for us
- they sometimes cause infectious diseases
all of the above are correct
What is biotechnology
altering the use of microbes to produce useful products or modify other organisms
T or F: all microbes cause infectious diseases
F: only a few percent of all microbes are associated with disease
What is bacteriology
study of prokaryotes
mycology
study of fungi
phycology
study of algae
protozoology
study of protozoa
virology
study of viruses
immunology
study of the immune system
parasitology
study of parasites and their hosts
Lipoteichoic acid is found in
a) gram positive cell
b) gram negative cell
c) endospore
a) gram positive cell
____ have membranes made of mycolic acids and arabinogalactans
a) gram positive
b) endospores
c) mycobacteria
d) gram negative
c) mycobacteria
____ have thin peptidoglycan layers covered by an outer membrane with toxigenic properties on many pathogens
a) gram negative
b) gram positive
c) mycobacteria
a) gram negative
Which of the following is NOT a component of a lipopolysaccharide
a) Lipid A (six fatty acids)
b) (adaptor structure)
c) O-antigen (repeats)
d) A-antigen (singles)
d) A-antigen (singles)
this isn’t a real thing
Which of the following is NOT true of Mycoplasma
a) true bacteria
b) ergosterol in membranes
c) very small in size
d) no peptidoglycan wall
e) variable in shape
f) are important pathogens
g) cholesterol in membranes
b) ergosterol in membranes
Which of the following is NOT true of flagellum structures in bacteria
a) bacterial locomotion
b) electric motor
c) dozens of proteins
d) rotates rapidly
e) many are reversible
f) whip back and forth
g) propels the cell through its environment
f) whip back and forth
Which of the following best describes the flagellar arrangement monotrichous
a) a single flagellum at one end
b) two flagella, one at each end
c) a clump of flagella at one end
d) flagella all around
a) a single flagellum at one end
What flagellar arrangement is two flagella, one at each end?
a) monotrichous
b) amphitrichous
c) lophotrichous
d) peritrichous
b) amphitrichous
Aristotle favored ____
a) biogenesis
b) spontaneous generation (abiogenesis)
spontaneous generation (abiogenesis)
Who used heat and chemicals to treat the incoming gas (air) for their boiled media broth?
Schulze and Schwann
Who discovered endospores
a) Pasteur
b) Redi
c) Hooke
d) Cohn
Cohn
Who used carbolic acid (phenol) to clean hands, wound, and operating rooms for application of germ theory
a) Hooke
b) Pasteur
c) Lister
c) Lister
What are the four parts of Koch’s Postulate?
- The suspected pathogenic organism should be present in all cases of disease and absent from healthy animals
- Isolate the pathogenic organism and grow in a pure culture
- Cells from the pure culture of the suspected organism should cause disease in a healthy animal
- The organism is reisolated into a pure culture that is identical to the original pure culture
Microbes belonged to which kingdom
monera
What did Woese use to classify his domains
a) DNA
b) 16S rRNA
c) mRNA
b) 16S rRNA
Which of the following contain axial filaments?
a) Spirochetes
b) bacillus
c) cocci
a) Spirochetes
What flagellar arrangement has a bundle of flagella at one end
a. monotrichous
b. amphitrichous
c. lophotrichous
d. peritirchous
c. lophotrichous
T or F: Peritrichous have flagella all around, not just at the ends
True
____ is the movement of a bacterium in response to chemical gradients and is described at “Run and Tumble”
a) whipping
b) rolling
c) chemotaxis
d) chemical shifts
c) chemotaxis
What movements is analogous to blindfolding your friend and having them walk around
a) unbiased running
b) planned walk
c) Biased random walk
d) unbiased jog
c) biased random walk
What attaches cells to surfaces
a. fimbriae
b. stalks
c. pillars
d. both a and b
both a and b, fimbriae and stalks
Most capsules/glycocalyx are made of:
a) peptides
b) carbohydrates
b) carbohydrates
very few are made of peptides
What is the ability to distinguish two adjacent objects or points from one another called
a) magnification
b) resolution
c) clarity
d) distinguishing factor
b) resolution
What is the equation for resolving power (RP)
wavelength of light in nm/ 2 times numerical aperture
T or F: shorter wavelengths produce a better resolution
True
What is a clump of 4 cells in a single layer referred to as
a. bacillus
b. tetrad
c. sarcina
d. streptococci
b. tetrad
what bacterial cell shape is shaped like a bean
a) coccus
b) bacillus
c) vibrio
c) Spirillum
c) vibrio
which of the following is NOT an advantage of small size
a) more surface area:cell volume
b) faster growth rates
c) faster evolution
d) slower evolution
d) slower evolution
T or F: all cells have a cell membrane
True - this is the structure that defines the existence of a cell
A phospholipid consists of glycerol w/ ____ links to ___ fatty acids and a phosphoryl head group
a) ether; 2
b) ester; 2
c) ether; 1
d) ester;1
b) ester; 2
T or F: bacterial membranes are 50% phospholipids and 50% proteins
True; bacterial membranes are equal parts phospholipids and proteins
Which of the following is NOT a function of a membrane
a) structural support
b) secretion of virulence factors
c) transmission of communication signals
d) ion transport and energy storage
e) appear more intimidating to other cells
e) appear more intimidating to other cells
Membranes are ____ permeable
a) fully
b) non
c) semi
c) semi
What is the purpose of the diffusion of weak acids and bases
a) carry water into the cell
b) change the structure of the cell
c) change the pH of the cell
d) protect the cell
c) change the pH of the cell
What are the two types of transport across a membrane?
Which requires transport proteins?
- Passive transport
2. Active transport - requires transport protein
____ reinforces eukaryotic membranes, ____ and _____ reinforce bacterial membranes
a) hopanoids
b) sterols
c) hopanes
c) steriods
b) sterols reinforce eukaryotic membranes
a) hopanoids and c) hopanes reinforce bacterial membranes
Bacteria are ____
a) diploid
b) haploid
b) haploid
The total size of a prokaryote ribosome is 70S, which is made of two subunits ___ and ___
a) 50S and 20S
b) 30S and 40S
c) 60S and 10S
d) 30S and 50S
d) 30S and 50S
What are extensively folded intracellular membraes called
a) inner membranes
b) endomembrane
c) envelopes
d) thylakoids
d) thylakoids
Polyhedral bodies packed w/ the enzyme Rubisco for CO2 fixation are ___
a) carboxysomes
b) oxidizing agents
c) gas vesicles
a) carboxysomes
What is the function of gas vesicles in phototrophs?
a) nutrient storage
b) transport
c) increase buoyancy
c) increase buoyancy
____ ____ are inclusions bodies that store glycogen, PHB, sulfer, volutin, and magnetosomes
storage granules
What forms a “Z ring for septum placement”
a) FtsZ
b) MreB
c) CreS
d) DeG
a) FtsZ
What forms a coil inside rod-shaped cells
a) bacillus
b) MreB
c) spirochetes
d) CreS
b) MreB (b for bacillus)
What forms a polymer along the inner side of crescent-shaped bacterial
a) cell membrane
b) cell wall
c) MreB
d) CreS
d) CreS
What does the cell wall help with aside from the shape and rigidity of the cell
a) transport
b) protein synthesis
c) withstand turgor pressure
withstand turgor presure
What consists of a single interlinked molecule
a) cell membrane
b) nuclear envelope
c) bacterial endoplasmic reticulum
d) bacterial cell wall/sacculus
d) bacterial cell wall/sacculus
Most bacterial cell walls are made of
a) cellulose
b) cholesterol
c) peptidoglycan (murein)
d) ergosterol
c) peptidoglycan (murein)
Peptidoglycan consists of ___ and ___ bound to a peptide of 4-6 amino acids that can form cross-bridges to parallel glycan strands
NAG and NAM
A bacterial envelope is additional layers that provide ____ and _____
structural support and protection
____ have a thick cell wall and stain the primary stain color, purple
gram-positive bacteria
____ have thin cell walls that and stain the secondary stain color pink
gram-negative bacteria
the phylum firmicutes are examples of _____-______ bacteria and the phylum proteobacteria are examples of _____-______ bacteria
gram-positive: Firmicutes
gram negative: Proteobacteria
Which of the following is NOT a common trait of bacteria
a. RNA polymerase
b. Ribosomal RNAs
c. Translation factors
d. all of the above are common traits of bacteria
d. all of the above are common traits of bacteria
What makes most bacterial cell walls?
a. Chitin
b. Chloropyll
c. peptidoglycan
c. peptidoglycan
What are examples of Gram-Positive bactera
staphylococcus, streptococcus, listeria
Which bacteria are used in food production and preservation for things like yogurt and milk
Lactobacillus
What is another genera that is a fermentative bacteria
Streptococcus
What bacteria is used to make saurkraut
leuconostoc
What are the 2 key gram-positive bacteria that are nonsporulating bacillales and clostridiales
Listeria, staphylococcus
Staphylococcus is catalase-_______ and can tolerate ______
positive, drying
What are the key genera that are sporulating Bacillaes and Clostridiales (they make endospores)
Bacillus, Clostridium
Bacillus and Clostridium are gram-______ endospores
positive
What sporulating bacteria produces extracellular hydrolytic enzymes, antibiotics, and toxic insecticidal proteins
Bacillus
________ are pathogenic which causes botulism, tetanus, and gangrene
Clostridium
Tenericutes lack cells walls and include the genera _____
mycoplasma
Actinobacteria include _____ and _____ ______ _____
corneyform, propionic acid bacteria
A key genera of Actinobacteria is _______
corynebacterium
Actinobateria are mostly harmless commensals with the exception of _______
mycobacterium
Gram-______ Actinobacteria have acid-fast cell walls
positive
Aerial mycelia carry _____
arthrospores
Streptomyces is an example of gram-positive _____
actinobacteria
Gram-Negative Proteobacteria are the _____ group of cultured organisms
largest
Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, Rickettsias are examples of _____
alpha proteobacteria
Nitrosomonas and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are examples of _____
Beta Proteobacteria
Lithotrophs are ______, which were the original phototrophs
Gamma proteobacteria
The anarobic rods “escherichia coli” are _______
enteric gamma proteobacteria
Myxococcus xanthus and Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus are ______ proteobacteria
delta
____ _____ are the delta proteobacteria that attacks other bacteria in “packs”
Myxococcus xanthus
_____ ______ is the delta proteobacteria that parasitizes other bacteria, grows in periplasm, and lyses host
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus
______ are ______ proteobacteria that cause stomach ulcers
Helicobacter pylori; eplison
Nitrospirae is ____ shape, and oxidizes nitritie to nitrate
spiral
_____ are obligate anaerobes that break down toxins in food
Bacteroides
_____ are green sulfur bacterium
Chlorobium
____ are flexible, narrow spiral shape and form axial filaments
spirochetes
_____ has a larger reticulate body and small elementary bodies
chlamydiae
Reticulate bodies _______ but small elementary bodies _________ and can be _________
Reticulate bodies can not survive outside host but small elementary bodies can survive outside host cells and can be transferred to new host
_____ is irregular shaped, contains tubulin, and is part of Planctomycetes
verrucomicrobia
______ are oxygenic phototrophs that contains thylakoids and carboxysomes
cyanobacteria
cyanobacteria form ____
akinetes
Chloroflexi are _____-______ _______ that live at high temperatures and have _____
deep-branching thermophiles; chlorosomes
______ is a source of PCR tests and belongs to the genera _______
Thermus aquaticus; Thermus
______ are radiation resistant
Deinococcus radiodurans
_____ are prokaryotic cells that look very much like bacteria but can also be oddly shaped
archaea
_____ have the widest range of temperature, environments, and unique biochemistry
archaea
____ and ____ are the 2 major phyla of archaea
crenarchaeotes and euryarchaeotes
Archaeal lipids have ___ glycerol and ___links.
L; ether
Bacterial lipids have __ glycerol and ____ links
D; ester
Thermophile lipids have a lipid _____
monolayer
Both Archaea and ___ have circular genomes and operons
bacteria
Both Archaea and ____ have introns and RNA polymerase with TBP, TFB
eukaryotes
_____ makes up the Archaea cell wall (name of molecule)
pseudopeptidoglycan
The Archaea cell wall uses ___ and ____ (polymers)
NAG and NAT
____ have an irregular shape and contain the unique lipid Crenarchaeol. Crenarchaeol is distinct because it contains ___
Crenarchaeota; six membered ring
What is the upper temperature limit for life
150 deg C
Monomers are adaptation for life at ____ temperatures and contain ____ concentrations of cytoplasmic solutes
high; high
____ and ____ are structural features that improve the thermostability of archaea
highly hydrophobic cores and increased ionic interactions
___ is the class of proteins that refold partially denatured proteins
chaperones
_____ is a major chaperonin protein complex in Pyrodictium
Thermosome
_____ intracellular solute and polyamine levels stabilize DNA and reverse DNA gyrase
high
archaea have positive _____ to stabilize the DNA
supercoils
_____ are DNA-binding proteins that compact DNA into nucleosome-like structures
Histones
____ _____ _____ form a lipid monolayer membrane structure in archaea
tetraether type lipids
rRNA ____ is another adaptation to life at high temperatures for archaea
stability
The Crenarchaeota “Nitrosopumilaes” ____ ammonia to fix CO2
oxidize
_____ are found in ice and seawater in Antarctica
crenarchaeota
Euryarchaeota includes the _______ which have 5 major orders
methanogens
_____ are elongated, round, flattened shapes that require high salt content
Halophiles
Most halophiles are _____
photoheterotrophs
Halophiles are part of______ and use _____ to pump out H+ and _____ pump in Cl-
Eukaryota; bacteriorhodopsin; halorhodopsin
_____ is the process by which rhodopsins signal to flagellum
phototaxis
Euryarchaeota includes ____, which do the opposite of methanogenesis by reducing sulfate to sulfide by oxidizing acetate to CO2
Archaeoglobales
____, _____, and ____ are new archaeal species being discovered
korarchaeota, thaumarchaeota, nanoarchaeota
____ is the emerging euryarchaeota that has a secret filament
korarchaeota
___ is the emerging euryarchaeota that does nitrification
thaumarchaeota
____ is the emergin euryarchaeota that is the hospitable fireball
nanoarchaeota
____ is not a living cell
virus
What are the 2 components that are ALWAYS in viruses
small genome and protein coat (“Capsid”)
Viruses range from about __ to ____ nm
20 to 200 nm
_______ capsids have 20 triangular sides each made up of atleast 3 identical capsid proteins
icosahedral capsids
_____ capsids are long tubes of protein with genome inside
filamentous (helical)
____ capsids are a mixture of icosahedral and filamentous shapes
complex
Many complex capsids are ____ with ____ shapes
bacteriophages; asymmetrical
____ allows for fusion to the host cell for viruses
lipid envelopes
_____ are NON-enveloped
bacteriophages
Viruses can be ____ or ____ (genome type), __ or ___ (# strands), ___ or ____ (shape)
DNA or RNA; single or double stranded; linear or circular
what is an example of group 1
poxvirus
what type of genome structure does group 1 have
dsDNA
what is an example of a group II virus
parvovirus
what is the genome structure of group 2 viruses
ssDNA
what is an example of a group III virus
Epizootic Hemorrahagic Disease
what is the genome structure of a Group III virus
dsRNA
what is an example of a group IV virus
Poliovirus
what is the genome structure of group IV viruses
(+)ssRNA
what is an example of a group V virus
influenza virus
what is the genome structure of group V viruses
(-) ssRNA
what is an example of a group VI virus
HIV
what is the genome structure of VI viruses
RNA retroviruses
What is an example of a VII virus
Hepatitis B
What is the genome structure of VII
DNA pararetroviruses
Bacteriophage life cycle 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
- attach to the host cell
- inject genome
- replicate genome
- synthesize capsid protein
- assemble progeny phage
- lyse cell wall to release progeny phase
In the Hershey-Chase Experiment, radioactively labeled ___ with 35S methionine and ____ with 32P Phosphate before infecting the E. coli
protein; DNA
In the ____ cycle, the phage quickly replicates and kills host cell
lytic
In the ___ cycle the phage is quiescent, meaning it integrates into host cell genome and replicates when the host genome divides. The phage later reactivates to become lytic killing host
lysogenic
Bacteriophage use cell components to _____ ____, assemble ____ ____, and exit from cell
synthesize capsids; progeny phages
What makes protein to depolymerize peptidoglycan and bursts host cell to release progeny phage
lysis
what uses filamentous phages that can extrude individual progenies through the cell envelope
slow release
In the eukaryotic virus life cycle, viruses attach to host cell receptor and enter the host cell by injecting its genome directly and being taken up via endocytosis (_______) where is it brough into cell in an endosome
viropexis
Genome replication: ____ viruses must go to cell nucleus
DNA
Genome replication: ___ viruses must encode a viral polymerase
RNA
Only _____ can be used as mRNA
(+) ssRNA
All viruses use ___ ____ to make proteins
host ribosomes
Budding is used in ____ virus life cycles
eukaryotic
Culturing viruses
1.
2.
3.
- Viruses bound to host
- eclipse period
- rapid rise period
In the ____ period, viruses are making proteins, genomes, and assembling. There is no detectable virus
eclipse
when the virus binds to host the free virus concentration ____
drops
a ____ is a “colony” of viruses
plaque
___ are present in all environments and ___ densities
viruses; high
____ are single-stranded naked RNA plant pathogens; circle shape and very small
viroids
____ are animal pathogens that can be referred to as “slow viruses”; these have defectively folded host proteins
prions
what is an example of prions
creutzfeld-jakob disease
DNA in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell exists as _____
chromatin
The genetic material of eukaryotic cells is multiple _______ ________
linear chromosomes
DNA in the eukaryotic cell is condensed on proteins called _______
histones
The total size of the eukaryote ribosome is ____
80S
The _____ _____ is the protein trafficking center
golgi body
What are the 3 components of the cytoskeleton
Actin, microtubles, intermediate filaments
______ are a lipid-enclosed space
vacuoles
Flagellum in Eukaryotes don’t ____ but _______ _____ ___ ____
don’t spin; waves like an oar
Eukaryote flagellum have a _______ core
microtubule
Eukaryote capsules are made of ______ ______
polymeric sugars (polysaccharides)
__________ includes animals and fungi
opisthokonts
Opisthokonts have _____ flagellum
single (eukaryotic)
_____ includes algae and plants
viridiplantae
Cryptophyte algae are _____
protists
the vestigial nucleus that engulfed algae still maintain their DNA in is called the ______
nucleomorph
The 5 multiple clades of protists are…
amoebozoa and cercozoa alveolates heterokonts euglenozoa excavates
the cell walls of fungi is made of _____
chitin
branching forms of fungi hyphal tips is called ______
mycelia
fungi yeasts reproduce ____ by mitosis and ______ by meiosis
asexually; sexually
Chytrids (a group of fungi) are motile germ cells that have a ____ reproductive form
flagellated
The zygomycetes that forms bread mold is
Rhizopus
______ have sexual spores in sac like structures and includes Neospora
ascomycetes
Examples of ascomycetes include _____, _____, and ______
neurospora, penicillium, and morels
Basidiospores are found in_______
basidiomycetes
Examples of basidiomycetes are ____ and ______
mushrooms and cryptococcus
All algae have ____, most have _____ flagella
chloroplasts, paired flagella
the cell wall of algae is made of _____ or _____
glycoprotein or cellulose
______ have contractile vacuoles
algae
______ concentrates CO2 for fixation in algae
pyrenoid
an example of chlorophyta is ______ algae
green
an example of rhodophya is ____ algae
red
Red algae is used to make ____
agar
Secondary endosymbionts are ________ engulfed by a ______
algae engulfed by a protist
Examples of secondary endosymbionts are ______ and _____ ______
diatoms and brown algae
an example of the secondary endosymbiont diatoms is ______
bacillariophyta
an example of brown algae is ______
phaeophyceae
amoebozoa have lobe-shaped _______
pseudopods
______ molds are an example of amoebozoa
slime
_____ are amoebas with filament-shaped pseudopods
Radiolarians
_____ are shelled amoebas with shells made of calcium carbonate
foraminiferans
_____ are flattened vacuoles at the outer cortex of Alveolates
alveola
____ stabilize the structure of alveolates
microtubules
the group of alveolates with many cilia for motility are called ____
ciliates
The group of alveolates that have neurotoxins that cause the red tide are _____
dinoflagellates
apicomplexans have a _____ derived from chloroplast
apicoplast
____ is a group related to photosynthetic Euglenozoa
Trypanosomes
the eukaryotic group ____ lack mitochondria
excavates
