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Bio 286 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of nucelosides

A

base and sugar

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2
Q

parts of nucleotides

A

base, sugar, phosphate

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3
Q

bases

A

A, C, G, T

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4
Q

Purines are ___ and ___

A

A and G

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5
Q

Purines have ____ rings and are ____ (size)

A

two rings, larger

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6
Q

Pyrimidines are _, _, and _

A

C, U, and T

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7
Q

Pyrimidines have ___ ring(s) structure and are ____ in size

A

one; smaller

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8
Q

Who discovered a X-ray diffraction pattern from a DNA smear but were unable to identify the structure

A

Franklin and Wilkins

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9
Q

What was significant about Watson and Crick’s model

A

postulated a double stranded molecule with an anti-parallel orientation of strands, bases inside

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10
Q

____ pairs to ____ using 3 H bonds

A

C pairs to G

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11
Q

__ pairs to __ using 2 H bonds

A

A pairs to T

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12
Q

how many bases per twist; length of each twist

A

10 base pairs; 3.4 nm per twist

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13
Q

what does Chargaff’s rule state

A

purines match with pyrimidines by forming hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

Both DNA strands have the same amount of information, why?

A

The bases in 1 strand are complementary to those in the other strand

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15
Q

Modern Central Dogma

A

Replication-transcription-translation-modification

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16
Q

DNA strucure, what at 5’ and 3’

A
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17
Q

Meselson and Stahl

A

Different suggestions on possible mode of DNA replication

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18
Q

Conservative DNA

A

heavy and light DNA,

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19
Q

Semiconservative DNA

A

used in DNA replication

20
Q

Dispersive DNA

A

stripe pattern of of heavy and light DNA

21
Q

Genome

A

complete cell DNA sequence

22
Q

genotype

A

specific DNA sequence

23
Q

phenotype

A

Appearance and/or behavior

24
Q

What are considered large molecules

A

free-living cells ranging from 583,000 up to 15 billion nucleotides

25
Q

Shape and ploidy of most prokaryotes

A

circular and haploid

26
Q

Nucleoid of E. coli is has multiple loops held by anchoring proteins. Each loop contains _____

A

supercoiled DNA

27
Q

positive supercoiling vs negative supercoils

A

positive: over winding DNA
negative: under winding DNA

28
Q

Helicase

A

Placed at each end of origin by loader and moves in each direction to copy genome by “melting DNA”
“unwinding enzyme”

29
Q

What enzyme requires free 3’ OH

A

DNA polyermase

30
Q

Primase

A

Begins replication by making a free 3’OH for DNA polymerase

31
Q

Who is associated with Nuclein in 1869

A

Miescher

32
Q

Transformation in 1928

A

Griffith

33
Q

Transformation 1944

A

Avery, MacLeod, McCarty

34
Q

Blender experiment 1944

A

Hershey and Chase

35
Q

The “rules” in 1948

A

Chargaff

36
Q

What relieves torsional stress causes by supercoils?

A

Type I Topoisomerases

37
Q

What introduces negative supercoils

A

Type II Topoisomerases

38
Q

What introduces positive supercoils

A

Archaeal topoisomerases

39
Q 
semi-conservative replication: 
1:
2: 
3: 
4:
5:
A

1: Copies information to complementary strand
2: melt double-stranded DNA
3: polymerize new strand
4: DNA opened at oriC
5: polymerization follows bi-directionally around chromosome

40
Q

What is the order of events for DNA replication?

A

1: DNA Helicase unwinds the DNA
2: Primase makes a free 3’OH avaialbe
3: DNA polymerase uses free 3’OH and clamp binds DNA polymerase III to strand
4: Polymerase proceeds 5’ to 3’ on each strand with energy for polymerization coming from phosphate groups on the recently added nucleotide
5: Gaps filled in by DNA polymerase I
Ligase seals nicks

41
Q

Replisomes are _____, so DNA is threaded through the replisomes

A

stationary

42
Q

Extrachromosomal pieces of DNA

A

Plasmids

43
Q

What are the two types of plasmids and how many copies of plasmids are there per cell for each

A

Low-copy-number: one or two copies per cell

High-copy-number: up to 500 copies per cell that divide continuously and randomly segregate

44
Q

Plasmid replication is similar to chromosomal replication since they both are _______ replication

A

Bidirectional

45
Q

Plasmid replication can occur _____, like chromosomal replication or _____

A

Bidirectionally; unidirectional

Bio 286 (7 decks)

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