Lecture 7 Flashcards
How are sleep disorders assessed?
- primary care physician, send to sleep clinic
and/or - sleep lab, polysomnography w/ multiple physiological measurements
- patient histories, diagnostic info
- signs (observable) & symptoms (reported)
- sleep amount, quality, timing & daytime
- technicians, researchers, clinicians, psychologists & physician specialists
- meet regularly, review & discuss patients: share knowledge & for treatment
- case studies/“grand rounds”: multiple doctors visiting patient
- International Classification of Sleep Disorders
What are the symptoms of sleep disorders? (UEDUSMM)
how persistent/frequent:
- unrefreshed sleep
- excessive daytime fatigue/sleepiness
- difficulty staying/falling asleep
- unusual/violent behaviour during sleep
- snoring, breathing irregularities
- motor restlessness in the evening/previous to sleep
- mood changes/issues
What is insomnia?
cannot obtain enough time asleep, quality sleep despite adequate opportunity to do so
What is sleep onset insomnia?
difficulty initiating sleep
What is sleep maintenance insomnia?
difficulty maintaining sleep thruout the night
What is early awakening insomnia?
rapid sleep onset, good sleep continuity, but awakening much earlier than desired, inadequate total amount
What is sleep dissatisfaction?
not feeling refreshed after a night of seemingly sufficient sleep
What is idiopathic insomnia?
no found cause (15% of cases, childhood onset, life-long condition w/o treatment)
What is psychophysiological insomnia?
chronically hyper-aroused; greater arousal at night + day restless, overactive, nervous, apprehensive; intense and persistent physiological arousal
What is paradoxical insomnia?
“sleep state misperception”
- no daytime impairment
- normal sleep length & profile, but report no sleep
- highly attentive, “thinking all night”
What are the causes of insomnia? (GCCD)
- genetic component (7 genes contribute)
- cause for initial sleep disruption should be found, but not as relevant as perpetuating circumstance
- Co-morbid insomnia
- decongestants, caffeine
What are the causes of insomnia? (ATTPU)
- alcohol:
- increase sleep time, less N3 & REM
- alcoholism: permanent irreversible reduction of N3 & REM
- time zone, schedule changes
- temperature regulation
- pregnancy, menopause
- unique sleeping environments
What are the causes of insomnia? (MMGTW)
- mild to severe psychological issues
- marital, job stress
- grief
- trauma
- war, PTSD
What is co-morbid insomnia?
insomnia caused by other disorders, medication, illicit drug use, pain/discomfort, environmental factors
What are the sleep specific cognitive issues for the causes of insomnia?
- exaggerated concerns about “not enough sleep”
- self-blame/guilt of lack of sleep
- dread sleep time, pressure to sleep leading to hyper-vigilance about sleep
- if try to self-treat, cannot sleep b/c monitoring sleep treatment to evaluate its effectiveness
- mental listing/persistent problem solving
What is the impact of insomnia? (PIFBUP)
- physical & psychological issues of sleep deprivation
- impact on work performance, communication, relationships
- family/sleep partner: sleep separate, need quiet, sleep envy/resentment
- bargaining with partner/children
- unpredictable in planning, choices of activities, lifestyle
- purchasing/relying on “aids”
What are the physical and psychological issues of sleep deprivation? (CIJDIC)
- concentration
- irritability
- jitters
- diminished well being
- inappropriate sleeping locations/episodes
- clumsiness to severe accidents
What are facts about insomnia? (36V1)
- 30-50% of Western pop. report occasional/temporary insomnia
- 6-10% report serious problem, persistent
- v. rare in children 8-10 but 25-35% of retirees/post middle-aged
- 1.5x more prevalent in women than men
What are facts about insomnia? (MSSB)
- more prevalent in those w/ depression, anxiety, substance abuse, disordered breathing & recurrent health issues
- sleep onset insomnia: more common in younger adults
- sleep maintenance insomnia: more common in older adults
- BUT types can change w/ physical + psychological circumstances & aging
What are treatments for insomnia? (S)
sleeping pills:
- over-the-counter (OTC), non-prescription: ineffective/questionable effectiveness
- antihistamine, acetaminophen
- magnets, herbal treatments
What are treatments for insomnia? (P)
prescription: effective temporarily
- hypnotics, benzodiazepines: work on GABA receptors to promote sleep, relax muscles & reduce anxiety
- “psychological dependency”
- amnesia, risk of falls, serious accidents
- people tend to overdose on non-prescription, thinking they are “safer” or combine w/ other substances which can be disastrous or lethal
What is CBT for insomnia (CBT-i)? (CEFES)
- change thoughts, emotions, beh., “relearn to sleep”
- effective, long-lasting
- few sessions to several weeks, practitioner, resources provided
- examine: what contributing to issues, tracking/log
- several components sequentially, individually introduced, monitor motivation/compliance & progress; enough in place, good sleep will result
What are the components introduced in CBT-i?
- sleep restricted to bedroom
- progressive muscle relaxation, bath/shower, reading
- scheduled worry, thinking and resting time
- write lists of tasks and worry targets
- change expectations about sleep
What is sleep compression, restriction?
- no daytime napping
- change sleep onset time: 5 hours at a certain time, increase in 10-15 min intervals
- start sleep prep later, even if fatigued
- sleep drive will increase, less time awake