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PSYC 208 > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first step in dream research? (Mparsa)

A
  1. measure overt physiology w/ polysomnography
    - possibly introduce external stimuli
    - awaken participants, ask “what was going through your mind” (search for mental activity during all stages)
    - recorded by device, dictated, written by dreamer
    - standard checklists used
    - aware of experimenter/peer, gender/age or perception of how data used
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2
Q

What is the second step in dream research? (Hm)

A
  1. home - beeper, alarm clock and recorder

- more hostility, aggression, sexuality in home reports

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3
Q

What is the third step in dream research? (Anne)

A
  1. analyze dream journals kept longitudinally, within & across participants
    - need >20 dreams/individual to assess patterns in dreaming
    - need 125-200+ to compare content differences b/w people
    - element consistency in indiv. (teens to elderly)
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4
Q

What are the challenges of dream research? (Nan N)

A
  • no clear universal precise definition of “dream”:
    • any mentation during sleep/in REM: more elaborate, vivid, story-like, “logical”, emotional
    • NREM mentation occurs: fragmentary, vague thoughts, single sensation
  • no direct access to dreams: simple awakening causes change in functional org. of brain, affects recall
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5
Q

What are the challenges of dream research? (LRISPW)

A
  • longer from REM, more difficult to recall content
  • recall reduced if woken up after REM body movement
  • if dream >15min, early part forgotten
  • subject bias: “want” to recall content
  • ppl want to recall what “happened” vs. describing details
  • what we recall often not “entire story”
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6
Q

What are the challenges of dream research? (MCNPM)

A
  • memory processes not perfect
  • cannot check accuracy of dream recall: uncertain of findings
  • need vocabulary, ability to communicate/describe
  • participants “complete”/“fill in” story: reconstruction, deduction
  • minimal funding available
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7
Q

What is mentation?

A

thoughts, images, feelings, perceptions, cognition

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8
Q

What is reconstruction?

A

transformed, embellished

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9
Q

What is deduction?

A

fill in “links”, why, “this happened due to…”

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10
Q

What is dream recall? (SSAALA)

A
  • sense of amazement/curiosity
  • startled/afraid
  • attempt to recall images, details & story
  • attempt to understand why this content, why now (look for external causes)
  • look for purpose & meaning
  • attempt to interpret impact on waking life
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11
Q

What are the determinants of dream recall?

A
  • Repression Hypothesis
  • Salience Hypothesis
  • Interference Hypothesis
  • Non-Reporters
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12
Q

What is the repression hypothesis?

A

censorship at dreaming/waking state, but conversely dreams contain bad-natured behaviours

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13
Q

What is the salience hypothesis?

A

more vivid, bizarre, emotion-filled; more likely to recall dream

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14
Q

What is the interference hypothesis?

A

distraction during dreaming, during/after awakening unrelated to dreaming, interrupts dream recall

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15
Q

What are non-reporters? (S tcw)

A

some people cannot/do not recall dream content

  • takes effort to focus, recall & report
  • consistently sleep-deprived
    or
  • wake from N3 regularly, cannot recall dream periods
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16
Q

What is psychophysiological parallelism?

A

how closely related are the physiological & physical events to that of dream content

17
Q

What happens physiologically when we dream? (SLME)

A
  • shifts in global brain function & area-specific changes
    (measured via regional cerebral flow PET scans + blood oxygen level-dependent fMRI)
  • lack of motor output
  • more activity in areas related to hallucinatory experiences
  • emotional processes heightened
    (emotions, survival, motivation, episodic memory)
18
Q

What happens physiologically when we dream? (DLMH)

A
  • DA increases in midbrain, initiates dreaming
  • less activation in PFC
  • majority of frontal lobe inhibited, prevents awakening
  • have elements of waking life experiences + emotions but lack logic/reality testing
19
Q

What is the precuneus? (TVSG)

A
  • turns on slightly when lucid dreaming
  • visual, spatial processing
  • self-reflection, self-awareness
  • gives info on context
20
Q

What happens when we dream in terms of time? Do we dream in “real time”? (LRTBY)

A
  • length of dream report & preceding REM related
  • REM beh. disorder: movements in sync w/ real time
  • time similar, unless there is stop-start, jumping from scene to scene
  • body movements during REM = shifts in dream sequencing
  • yes, we dream in “real time”
21
Q

How do external events affect a dream? (I Rof Fi)

A
  • incongruous to “story” but can enter dream content

REM:

  • stimulus may modify dream, create mild element/change
  • first night in sleep study lab: depict lab situation
  • films, graphic, emotion-inducing scenes, video game content:
  • intrude & influence dream content, if related to dreamer’s personal situation/emotional interests/investment
22
Q

What are specific external stimuli that affect dreams? (NRMOSS)

A
  • neutral sounds/tones, train whistle, rooster crowing, traffic, water drop on faces, light flashes, electric shock
  • red light: changes hue, over several days
  • memorization of nonsense sentences before sleep, has elements
  • own voice: become more assertive, helpful, independent or active
  • someone else’s voice: become more passive, observer
  • starving/thirsty: content could be related to theme
23
Q

What is the scanning hypothesis?

A

extra-ocular muscular movement during REM identical to eye movements when we scan environment

24
Q

Do eye movements indicate looking around?

A
  • scanning hypothesis
  • motor activity generated by brain as dreamer visually connects during dream
  • vertical plane = watching object fall, or up to sky & back to ground
  • horizontal plane = looking at wide field, people at social gathering
  • blind (from birth/before 5yrs): no eye movement, only EEG & EMG indicators of REM
25
Q

What are counter-arguments of the scanning hypothesis?

A
  • newborns: much eye movement in REM but vision not developed
  • cats: eye movements jerky, solely horizontal & related to PGO sharp waves, causing non-specific bursts of brain activity, not related to “seeing”
  • human adults: difficult to predict eye movements in any state
26
Q

What is the release hypothesis of dreams?

A
  • instinct “relief valves” for pent-up basic unacceptable unconscious drives not relieved due to societal/personal constraints
  • thoughts/actions
  • sexuality, aggression
  • manifest vs. latent content
  • many objects appearing in dreams “displaced” sexual thoughts, desires in which therapist finds symbolic substitutions & meanings
  • Freud, traditional psychoanalysis
27
Q

What is the facilitate emotional adaptation hypothesis of dreams? (HKABR)

A
  • help to cope w/ balance of emotions, provide relief w/ current issues + prepare for future stress, life problems within safety of dream
  • Jung: psychic balance, dreams reveal & assist us
  • Adler: personal problem solving function
  • Hobson: fMRI - activation of areas of emotion centres of brain during REM, shape content of dreams
  • REM increases after day/multiple days of stress, worry & intense learning
28
Q

What is the facilitate emotional adaptation hypothesis of dreams? (2)

A
  • work directly on emotional problem, without fear of ridicule, social constraints, try out different solutions
  • Hartmann: dreams make emotions into visual metaphors
  • Kramer: mood regulatory hypothesis - after dreaming mood and beh. can improve, particularly with major life events, pre-post measure of mood following sleep
29
Q

What is the creativity hypothesis of dreams? (1)

A
  • several unique, original dreams
  • suggest solutions to everyday problems, without restraint of logic or realism
  • free from self-criticism/concern for others impressions
  • reality testing can occur - once awake can discern reality, more easily recognize that our minds can create images that are not real (children)
30
Q

What is the creativity hypothesis of dreams? (2)

A
  • must be able to recognize that the dream is offering the solution
  • unpredictable when it may occur, so ready to record possibilities
  • musicians, chemists, engineers, writers, artists, students working on thesis…
  • ….possible could have derived solution when awake, or when just falling asleep and the dream reflects this “rehearsal”
31
Q

What is the play hypothesis of dreams?

A
  • enjoyment, fun
  • free to experiment, explore, “try on”
  • exaggeration, variation, non-sensical purpose, actions or consequences
  • try out skills, events, social relationships different from our serious life
  • provide enhanced flexibility, prepare us for the future
32
Q

What is the memory consolidation hypothesis of dreams?

A
  • “off line” memory processing
  • consolidating, assimilating information
  • dreams are portions of recent episodes, mixed w/ older memories (biographical or sensorimotor), integration of past w/ present
  • Hartmann: do not replay waking life, but create new connections, center around a theme, content changes over time
  • our recall of material after REM sleep is more accurate, high protein synthesis in the brain during REM (esp. procedures, declarative memory)
  • contrary evidence: anti-depressants that suppress REM, have appropriate memory function
33
Q

What are other functions of dreams?

A
  • Horne: dreams distract brain from waking up
    • frontal cortex not keeping stimulation orderly or testing reality
    • we accept our dreams as reality and distracts us from waking in a stage where we are close to doing so
  • Revonsou: evolutionary purpose
    • dreams enable a rehearsal of threats “threat script”, ways to avoid them; enhance probability of survival
    • REM is a “pseudo-wake” state to test environment for danger
  • McGrath, Cohen: REM is time for “systems testing”of nervous system beyond brain (highly variable activation of resp., CV, other autonomic systems)
34
Q

What is the epiphenomena hypothesis of dreams?

A
  • no function
  • cognitive neuroscience approach
  • Domhoff, Flanagan, Foulkes, etc
  • generated as brain performing some other function that is required during sleep
  • we find pattern/relationship when there is none

PSYC 208 (7 decks)

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