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PSYC 208 > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

How similar are dreams to waking experiences? (RRWI)

A
  • realistic simulation of waking life but not re-enactments of daily events
  • reduced capacity of brain for logic, to distinguish “reality” from “fiction”
  • while dreaming, mind focuses on dream, not interrupted by other thoughts/reflection
  • if bizarre happened in reality, may react the same
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2
Q

What are dreams considered? (VOAI)

A
  • visits to another world
  • omens, forecast future, predictive qualities
  • answers to waking life’s issues, problems
  • impactful consequences in dream, alter beh./choices when awake
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3
Q

What is dream imagery like? (CMPSTP)

A
  • colourful (majority), some black-white
  • more clear = more bizarre
  • primarily visual
  • sound = more than 50% of dreams
  • touch = less than 8% of dreams
  • pain sensation = rare, wake before sensation
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4
Q

What is dream content analysis?

A

characters, social interactions, activities, emotions

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5
Q

What is complimentary content?

A

compensate/supplement recent waking life occurrences; attempt to bring overall balance

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6
Q

What is continuous content?

A

themes, concerns, events of waking life are experienced in dreams

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7
Q

What are things we dream of? (POFEPA)

A
  • past: events already happened, details & altered; from history to day before dream
  • own activities, interests, concerns, wishes, thoughts
  • future: events to come, fear of failure, celebration of success
  • emotions: embarrassment, nakedness, anger, desire
  • the plausible/actual
  • the absurd, bizarre, incoherent, brilliant & creative
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8
Q

What are some themes in dream content?

A
  • objective content analysis suggests reading can possibly create content
  • cultural influences: aggression, cars/houses highest in US, hunter - gatherers dream of huts/tents, animals
  • personal waking life, experiences: marital, career changes/upsets; children/not; wealthy/poor, job type
  • musicians: 2x many dreams w/ music
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9
Q

What are some themes in dream content related to age?

A

age parallels cognitive development
- children (3yrs/5-10yrs): animal characters, play, successes, self character active after 8yrs

  • from 11+ yrs: more adventure, aggression content
  • young adult/middle age: dream more of sexuality
  • middle age: stable content
  • elderly: less aggression, more of illness, death
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10
Q

What are some themes in dream content during pregnancy?

A
  • early = focus on self, changes
  • later = pregnancy itself, baby, birthing, relationship with partner
  • women: fertility, miscarriage; adequate mother/parenting concerns, abnormal infant, labour/delivery disasters, career issues
  • men: sex identity early in preg., pregnant also, fathering & partner worries, birthing process
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11
Q

What are some themes in dream content during trauma?

A
  • impactful emotional events
  • sexual/physical abuse, burn, war, major surgery, death of family member, stockbrokers losing money in market crash
  • exact replays, metaphorical
  • terrified, vulnerability
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12
Q

What are some themes in dream content during depression?

A
  • REM: first period earlier, more eye movement, evenly distributed thru night
  • recall short dreams, past-oriented, repetitive
  • negativity increases thruout night
  • content: all my fault, unable to beh/make change, objects not functioning, important items lost
  • when depressions abates, characteristics lessen/disappear
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13
Q

Are dreams continuous?

A
  • dream episodes unrelated across REM periods
  • trivial/image relationships, role reversals/changes in characters
  • create continuity when interpret dream
  • seeing similar people a manifestation that these people are known to you
  • exact dream duplication unusual, unless recurring (PTSD)
  • variety of content overwhelming & amazing
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14
Q

What are recurring dreams like?

A
  • same content, characters, emotions
  • same sequences, “story-line”
  • several months to years
  • begin in childhood, adolescence
  • majority negative affect, nightmares, involve only dreamer
  • dreamer attacked, chased by people, animals or threatened by natural forces
  • correlated w/ waking anxiety, depression, extreme stress
  • some cease naturally
  • address with:
  • lucid dreaming
  • reduction of waking psychological concerns
  • dream work (“re-write” dream, confront, change meaning)
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15
Q

What is dream meaning and interpretation?

A
  • attribution of purpose of dream, images, or sequence of events
  • dreamer questioned vs. therapist interpret
  • content related to living experience
  • how did you feel
  • what did it mean to you (if anything)
  • what can you take from this
  • what would you do differently based on this information
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16
Q

What is lucid dreaming?

A
  • term created by F. W. Van Eden; popularized late 1960’s -70’s (C. Green and A. Faraday)
  • S. LaBerge: lucid dreaming w/ polysomnography
  • recognition, awareness that we are dreaming while dreaming
  • conscious, feel clarity & cognition
  • reflecting on occurrences as they take place, complex thought possible
  • events = less of surprise/feel less bizarre
17
Q

What are the characteristics of lucid dreaming?

A
  • wake-like cognitive abilities possible
  • volitional dream control possible
  • dreamer tends to be actor, internal perspective/observer
  • feel need during dream to remember content
  • happens later in the night
  • happens during REM: transition to lucidity
    • can reverse: dream you are sleeping
  • awakening terminates lucid dream
18
Q

What is volitional dream control?

A

use will to make dream take place - where to go, what to do

19
Q

What are the features of lucid dreaming?

A
  • reasonably rare: 1/2 of general population
    • 20% on monthly basis
    • 1% several times/week
  • cultural differences:
    • German students more frequency/ability than Japanese students
    • Germans more than Austrians
  • age differences: young children, adolescents report more frequent than adults
20
Q

What do lucid dreamers do in research?

A
  • in sleep lab, give pre-arranged signal when lucid dreaming, recorded on polysomnogram
    • signal: e.g. sequence of eye movements, small muscle movements/clenching
  • can signal exact time of dream event, experimenter can ask to perform action in dream (& measure), signal when complete
  • EEG: higher % of alpha & beta activity
  • fMRI: increased activation of frontoparietal regions (e.g., working memory), precuneus (first person perspective taking)
21
Q

What are the purposes of lucid dreaming?

A
  • uninhibited actions: public speaking, performance, sexuality, try an activity w/o training, conflict res.
  • fulfilling wishes, try unique “powers”
  • improve physical skills, motor practice: use of imagery to another state
  • creative problem solving
  • healing: image cell repair, or destruction (cancer)
  • assume control of nightmare content, ability to confront situations/figures (children trauma, PTSD)
22
Q

How to lucid dream?

A
  • if you can recall your dreams with ease, more likely to have potential/ability to lucid dream
    • focus on regular recall of dreams
    • look for “dream signs”, tally them up in dream journal - cues of dreaming
  • in wakefulness: more self-aware, mindful; ability to switch types of focus
  • LaBerge: nova-dreamer mask, flashing lights + mental concentration
  • wake-back to bed – awaken after five hours, stay up for a short period, return to sleep, try entering REM sleep period (Dr. Aspy, U of Adelaide)
  • mnemonic induction of lucid dreaming (MILD)
  • while in dream, look at hands/own body
  • uncertain effects of: age, sleep dep, other phys. states
23
Q

What is mnemonic induction of lucid dreaming (MILD)?

A
  • before sleeping, focus on intention to remember you are dreaming/act in the dream
  • repeat phrase “The next time I’m dreaming, I will remember that I’m dreaming”
24
Q

What is dream incubation?

A
  • Gayle Delaney, PhD
  • drive/determine dream content
  • need time before bed & when wake up
  • write down topic & feelings, when prepping for sleep concentrate attention on desired topic
  • create one line request/question & repeat as falling asleep, when wake up write/record as much detail as possible
  • more easily achieved if related to personal current concerns, not overly “fantastical”
  • another step to “imagery”

PSYC 208 (7 decks)

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