Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Logic Exam 1 > Lecture > Flashcards

Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Critical Thinking

A

Being able to detect fallacies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Reflective Skepticism

A

Not taking things as given

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Rationality

A

Using most efficient means to achieve goals (gathering evidence)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Knowledge

A

Need evidence, objective reasons, and some measure of rationality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Faith

A

Cannot produce empirical evidence (ontological argument, argument from evil)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Logic

A

Precise rules for reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Informal Logic

A

Looking at words and meanings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Formal Logic

A

Structure (symbols)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Proposition

A

Statement about world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Conclusion

A

Thing affirmed (claim)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Premise

A

Reasons for conclusion (grounds)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Non-Arguments

A

Warnings, advice, opinion, conditionals, explanations, predictions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Truth

A

True and only true if corresponds w/ nature; facts; no middle ground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Analytic Truth

A

Self-evident w/o going out and testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Synthetic Truth

A

Observed and tested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Syllogism

A

Standard form (2 prem, 1 conc, ded logic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Internal Claim

A

Is argument valid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

External Claim

A

Is what is being said true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sound Argument

A

Internally and externally true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Dependent Premise

A

Does not provide good reason by itself but totality of premises do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Independent Premise

A

Provides good reason by itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Mutually Exclusive

A

Cannot overlap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Jointly Exhaustive

A

Give all possibilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Definition Functions

A

Puts limits on concepts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Stipulative

A

Create new def for something brand new; used in particular situations for specific purpose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Lexical

A

Established dictionary def over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Precising

A

Make def more precise, more details

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Persuasive

A

Move someone emotionally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Demonstrative

A

Define by pointing to something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Enumerative

A

Give examples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Operational

A

Particular procedures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Denotation

A

Pointing/giving examples, describing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Connotation

A

Emotive characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Vague

A

Not enough info, imprecise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Ambiguity

A

Too much info

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Lexical Ambiguity

A

Word meaning

37
Q

Syntactic Ambiguity

A

Word order

38
Q

Contextual Ambiguity

A

Must know context of situation

39
Q

Equivocal

A

Two meanings

40
Q

Loyalty

A

Own community/group beliefs more favorable

41
Q

Provincialism

A

Narrowing view to identify w/ ideas and interests only of own group

42
Q

Disbelief

A

Don’t believe in something

43
Q

Nonbelief

A

Haven’t thought about topic or indifferent

44
Q

Evaluating Evidence

A

Reliability, expertise, objectivity, consistency, recency, relevance, access, citation

45
Q

Assuring

A

Reasons can be produced; strength of own belief; abuse

46
Q

Guarding

A

Weaken; probability phrase; hedge; disappearing hedge

47
Q

Discounting

A

Dismissal of argument w/o real reason

48
Q

Rhetorical Question

A

No formal answer expected

49
Q

Loaded Question

A

Presume unjustified assumption

50
Q

Irony

A

Imply contrary to what is said

51
Q

Sarcasm

A

Critical, ridicule, mockery

52
Q

Satire

A

Ridicule w/ intent to shame; social criticism

53
Q

Types of Deception

A

Lies and exaggeration, half-truth, hedge, selective techniques, loaded language, euphemisms/dysphemisms; innuendo; obfuscation, doublespeak, jargon, stereotype

54
Q

Fallacies

A

Arguments that look convincing but contain error in reasoning; not factual error-structure itself is problem

55
Q

Formal Fallacy

A

Errors in structure of form of argument

56
Q

Informal Fallacy

A

Errors in reasoning not related to form

57
Q

Fallacy of Subjectivism

A

Can’t assume something true just because you belief it to be true

58
Q

Appeal to Majority

A

Most people approve so must be true; argument from tradition, novelty

59
Q

Appeal to Emotion

A

Sway people by manipulating emotions (argumentum ad populum); no logical argument; special case-pity (ad misericordiam)

60
Q

Appeal to Force

A

Argument has implied threat (ad baculum)

61
Q

Appeal to Authority

A

Assuming person telling the truth, may not be credible (ad verecundian)

62
Q

Ad Hominem

A

Against the person; personal attack (person’s background irrelevant)

63
Q

Abusive

A

Arguments against someone’s character or ability

64
Q

Tu quoque

A

Dismiss someone’s argument because of hypocrisy (say one thing, do another)

65
Q

Circumstantial

A

Arguments against someone on basis of circumstances (job, political affiliation, religion, etc)

66
Q

Poisoning the Well

A

Unfavorable info about person presented so any claim made by them must be false (preemptive)

67
Q

Straw Man

A

Distort what person claims, refute, therefore claim false

68
Q

Genetic Fallacy

A

Claim true/false or supported/discredited on grounds of origin

69
Q

Appeal to Ignorance

A

Never been proved false, so must be true-incorrect; burden on person making claim (ad ignorantium)

70
Q

Begging the Question/Circular Reasoning

A

Premise depends on conclusion, conc on prem, etc

71
Q

Negative Pregnant

A

Two negative choices given (law)

72
Q

Non Sequitor

A

Linking two or more ideas that in fact have no logical connection

73
Q

Red Herring

A

Distract/divert: Topic A under discussion, Topic B introduced under guise of being relevant even though it is not, Topic A abandoned

74
Q

Post hoc Fallacy

A

Assuming A preceded B, A must have caused B

75
Q

Single Cause Fallacy

A

Assume only one cause when actually more complex

76
Q

Equivocation

A

Word has more than one meaning, change in middle of argument

77
Q

Amphiboly

A

Syntactic (word order)

78
Q

Composition

A

Individual things have certain characteristics, therefore entire group has those characteristics

79
Q

Division

A

What is true of whole is true of parts

80
Q

Accident

A

Rule mistakenly applied to exception

81
Q

Phantom Distinction

A

Different wording to avoid being accused of threatening

82
Q

Self-sealers

A

So vague can’t refute

83
Q

False Dilemma

A

Either X or Y is true, Y is false so X must be true (could both be false)

84
Q

Fallacy of Opposition

A

Someone you don’t like supports, so oppose position

85
Q

One-way Fallacy

A

Compare two things where argument could go either way but argue only one way

86
Q

Slippery Slope

A

Forecasting series of events (usually disastrous) that will befall one if first step is taken

87
Q

Continuum (Sorites)

A

No certain point where one thing changes to other (Rich, take $1, etc); series of insignificant changes adds up to be significant

88
Q

Snowball (Domino)

A

A acceptable, cause B1, B2, B3, etc, leads to C (undesirable), so don’t do A (good v bad domino arguments)

89
Q

Precedent

A

Permit something, set precedent, rule weakens (depends on circumstances)

Logic Exam 1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions