Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cognitive Neuroscience > Lecture 6 - Social and Emotional Brain 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 - Social and Emotional Brain 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an emotion?

A

A mental and physiological state that guides our behaviour. Inherent survival value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Mentalising?

A

Inferring / attributing another person’s mental state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Mirroring?

A

Sharing the mental states of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a mood?

A

Emotional state that has extended over a long time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Darwin’s Theory of emotion?

A

Emotions are innate - form of communication through changes in posture, facial expressions etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Ekman’s (1972) basic emotions theory?

A

Expressions, voice intonation, body movement are all the same for 6 basic emotions cross culturally - for survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What was Ekman’s study?

A

New Guinea tribe members recognised western facial expressions and VICE VERSA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 6 basic emotions?

A

Happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise, anger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the ID’s role in emotions - Freud

A

Primitive urges - basic emotional needs for survival
Emotions are unconscious biases that drive behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is James-Lange Theory of emotions?

A

Physiological responses to stimuli cause emotions
Stimulus -> Automatic arousal behavioural response (sweating then running away) -> feedback from organs and muscles involved cause emotions (fear)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What did Schacter & Singer, 1962 drug study find to contradict James-Lange

A

A drug causing physiological changes did not lead to emotions. However, presence of a specific setting (an angry or happy man) lead to emotions.
The dry increased emotion but did not create

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Cannon-Bard Theory of emotions?

A

Stimulus -> activity in Thalamus -> emotion (fear) -> physiological changes (sweating)
Emotion occurs first then bodily reaction produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the Somatic Marker Hypothesis (Damasio, 1996)

A

Somatic markers are bodily responses associated with emotions that help us make decisions (unconscious).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does the Somatic Marker Hypothesis work?

A

Stimulus -> physiological response -> Interoception (ability to interpret internal bodily senses) -> brain retrieves stored emotions associated to this -> decision making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the Papez circuit?

A

Old emotional system proposed by Papaz
Circuit of structures interconnecting the hypothalamus and cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the Theory of Constructed emotions propose? - Feldman-Barret (2017)

A

There are no distinct emotional categories - emotions are constructed based on experiences.
Interaction between 3 components:
- Core affect
- Conceptual knowledge
- Situational context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Core Affect (Theory of Constructed emotion)?

A
  • The basic psychological and physiological state that underlies emotions.
  • Pleasantness or Unpleasantness.
  • High arousal or Low arousal (calmness).
  • Foundation of emotions influenced by internal and external cues.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Conceptual Knowledge (Theory of Constructed Emotions)?

A

Emotions constructed though application of knowledge - cognitive schemas, cultural beliefs, social learning (experiences)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Situational Context (Theory of Constructed Emotions)?

A

External stimuli, social cues, environmental factors, cultural norms that can all influence emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What brain areas linked to Core Affect?

A

Medial Temporal Lobes, Cingulate and Orbitofrontal Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Basic Emotion Theory V.S Theory of Constructed Emotions

A

BET - emotions are innate (same 6 basic emotions)
TCE - emotion are dependent on experience and context - constructed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do lesions to the Orbitofrontal cortex entail?

A

Poor social functioning, lower empathy, less embarrassment and guilt - experience less MORAL emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the amygdala?

A

Almond shaped mass of gray matter, buried bilaterally in anterior portion of temporal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome?

A

Neurological disorder - caused by bilateral amygdala and temporal lesions

25
Q

What are features of Kluver-Bacy syndrome?

A
  • Hyperorality: tendency to examine objects with their mouth, can sometimes explore others inappropriately
  • Visual agnosia: Difficulty recognising familiar objects / faces
  • Emotional changes: Blunt or reduced expression of emotions, lack of empathy or fear
  • Hypersexuality or excessive eating
26
Q

What is LaBar et al. (1998) electric shock study?

A

Learning a fear response to electric shock with neutral stimuli = fMRI showed amygdala activation
Skin conductance response and amygdala activation correlates with conditioned fear responses

27
Q

What are Skin Conductance Responses?

A

Anticipatory skin responses - measures autonomic arousal and emotional processing without conscious awareness

28
Q

Amygdala lesions and Skin Conductance Responses

A

Fail to show SCR but can verbally learn ASSOCIATION

29
Q

Hippocampus lesions and Skin Conductance Responses

A

SCR present but they cannot recall association

30
Q

What is the role of the Amygdala?

A

Conditioned fear response

31
Q

What is the role of the Hippocampus?

A

Declarative memory for associations

32
Q

Patient DR - amygdala damage

A

Bilateral amygdala damage impaired recognition of fear expression in faces - could imagine faces of famous people but not emotional expressions

33
Q

Morris et al. (1996) - fMRI study of amygdala

A

Fearful faces activates left amygdala
Happy faces activate different brain areas
Amygdala’s involvement in FEAR

34
Q

Amygdala activation in the brain

A

Threatening stimulus -> Visual Thalamus -> Visual Cortex -> Amygdala -> Fear Response -> Physiological Changes

35
Q

Phobias and amygdala activation - Ohman & Soares (1994) study

A

Images of spiders or snakes presented to PPT with with spider or snake phobias
PPTs did not report seeing the images but SCR was measured - EMOTIONAL RESPONSE
Fast subcortical route from Thalamus to Amygdala = FAST RESPONSE TO THREAT

36
Q

What is the role of the amygdala with other emotions (not just fear)?

A
  • Involved in learning positive associations
  • Pleasant and unpleasant smells
37
Q

What is the Insula?

A

A part of the Cerebral Cortex covered by the Temporal Lobe

38
Q

What activates the Insula?

A

Disgust

39
Q

What is interoception?

A

Sensory system that monitors internal bodily states

40
Q

What is the role of the Orbitofrontal cortex?

A

Computes how rewarding the stimulus is in the current context
Important for social interactions and emotional regulation

41
Q

What did Small et al. (2001) find in there chocolate study - Orbitofrontal cortex

A
  • PPTs ate chocolate between gaps of functional imaging
  • Chocolate started off pleasant - motivated to eat it
  • This decreased after a while
  • This change in pleasure is linked to Orbitofrontal cortex activity
42
Q

What causes activity in medial regions of the Orbitofrontal cortex?

A

Pleasure and reward

43
Q

What causes activity in the lateral regions of the Orbitofrontal cortex?

A

Unpleasantness / punishment

44
Q

What is reverse learning / extinction?

A

Learning that previously rewarding stimuli is no longer rewarded

45
Q

Where is the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)?

A

Above the corpus collosum, medial surface of each hemisphere

46
Q

What is the dorsal region of the ACC involved in?

A

Executive functions

47
Q

What is the ventral region of the ACC involved in?

A

Emotional processing

48
Q

What is the role of the ACC?

A
  • Motivation, cost and benefits of actions - reward or punishment
  • Processes bodily signals that characterise emotions
  • Output of bodily responses
49
Q

What is the role of the ACC in pain regulation?

A
  • Activity in the ACC when watching someone in pain - Singer et al., 2004 electric shock study
  • Physical pain and social pain
50
Q

What is the role of the ACC and social exclusion? - Eisenberger et al. (2003)

A

fMRI study - 3 conditions in a ball game (inclusion, exclusion and justified exclusion)
ACC activity correlated wit the subjective distress of social exclusion

51
Q

What is the Ventral Striatum?

A

Part of the Basal Ganglia, includes nucleus accumbens (involved in limbic circuit)

52
Q

What is the role of the ventral region of the ventral striatum? - Nucleus Accumbens

A

Brain’s reward system and plays a crucial role in motivation, reinforcement, and emotional processing.
EMOTIONS

53
Q

What is the Limbic Circuit?

A

Network of structures involved in emotions - EMOTIONAL BRAIN

54
Q

What brain areas are part of the limbic circuit?

A

Amygdala, Hippocampus, Hypothalamus, Cingulate cortex, Prefrontal cortex (Ventromedial prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex)

55
Q

What is the dopaminergic system?

A

Neural system that uses dopamine as major neurotransmitter - linked to substance abuse

56
Q

What did Knutson et al. (2001) Monetary reward study find?

A

fMRI activity in ventral striatum when PPT received great money reward - linked to dopamine release too

57
Q

Predicted VS actual reward and ventral striatum activation

A

Activity is greater when the reward is better than expected
If no reward - activity drops below baseline

58
Q

How do people with ASD show deficits in social reward?

A

Deficits in social communication and interaction
Social brain network (ventral striatum, orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala) is functionally and structurally different

Cognitive Neuroscience (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions