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Cognitive Neuroscience > Lecture 11 - The Remembering Brain 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 - The Remembering Brain 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Episodic Memory?

A

What, where and who of an episode. Mental time travel, ability to re-experience. Involves relational memory and context (placing past experience within a particular time and place)

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2
Q

What is relational memory?

A

Ability to create links between unrelated bits of info - making a coherent episode (episodic memory)

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3
Q

What is autobiographical memory?

A

Personal memories, episodic such as birthday party last year, semantic such as old address

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4
Q

How does information flow within the Medial Temporal Lobe system?

A
  • Hierarchical organisation
  • Info collected through perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices
  • Passes to the entorhinal cortex and reaches hippocampus
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5
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Difficulty acquiring new memories

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6
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

Difficulty remembering past memories (prior to amnesia onset)

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7
Q

What is the case study of Patient HM?

A

Had bilateral medial temporal lobectomy (both sides removed)
Included removal of hippocampus and amygdala
- Had minor retrograde amnesia (couldn’t recall events within the 2 years preceding the surgery)
- PROFOUND anterograde amnesia - could not form LTM for events after surgery

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8
Q

What did HM’s anterograde amnesia entail?

A
  • Preserved some memories of the past and had a functioning STM / Working memory (could retain numbers and names for 15 mins)
  • Could not form new long term memories
  • Every time he woke up he thought it was 1953 and expected to see faces from this year
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9
Q

How was HM impaired on the digit span test?

A

When a list is increased by 1 digit each time, normal subjects can recall up to 18 digits
HM could not successfully repeat more than 7 digits - UNABLE TO TRANSFER FROM STM TO LTM

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10
Q

How did HM perform in the mirror drawing task?

A
  • Task requires tracing a star without crossing the lines (seen through a mirror)
  • Over time performance increases - motor skills
  • HM showed improvement over 3 days but no recollection of ever doing the task
  • Motor functions and performance improved showing some elements of LTM preserved
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11
Q

What is the Medial Temporal Lobe system critical for?

A

Making new memories and retrieving old memories

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12
Q

What is the subsequent memory paradigm?

A

Aims to evaluate how encoding-phase activity leads to successful VS unsuccessful memory
Time 1 - encoding, collect neural data
Time 2 - memory test - classify as remembered or forgotten events
Are there differences in brain activation that discriminate remembered vs forgotten stimuli?

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13
Q

Does the brain activity at encoding predict which items are later going to be recognised and which will be forgotten? - Wagner et al. (1998)

A

Activity in the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and left medial temporal lobe was predictive of later remembered vs forgotten stimuli

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14
Q

What does familiarity mean?

A

Context-free memory where recognised items feel familiar

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15
Q

What does recollection mean?

A

Context-dependent memory involving specific info

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16
Q

What is the role of the perihinal cortex?

A

Processes item representations - important for familiarity

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17
Q

What is the parahippocampal cortex?

A

Process context - scene perception

18
Q

What was Ranganath et al. (2004) study?

A

PPTs shown face / place and asked to keep it in mind followed by a test stimulus (either matching sample or paired / different)
Activates FFA and parahippocampal area
Holding in mind during delay sustains activity in region
Retrieving a different associate flips the activity to be consistent with new stimulus
Holding in mind sustains activity in parts of ventral system
Found subsequent memory effects for familiarity and recollection

19
Q

What brain area is important for recollection?

A

Hippocampus - binds items in context
- Important for memory involving names with faces
- Location of objects / people within a scene

20
Q

What is consolidation?

A

Formation of memories. Moment-to-moment changes in brain activity that translates to permanent structural changes in the brain- forms neural connections

21
Q

What is synaptic consolidation?

A

Increases the probability that a post synaptic neuron will fire in response to neurotransmitters released from presynaptic neuron. FASTER, structural changes in synaptic connections - takes hours / days

22
Q

What is system consolidation?

A

Slower, gradual shift of memory from the hippocampus to the cortex

23
Q

What is the standard consolidation model?

A

Hippocampus links together different kinds of info in many regions of the brain - active role in binding activity
Overtime hippocampus plays less of a role
Patients with hippocampal damage - Alzheimers (memories lost)

24
Q

What is evidence for the standard consolidation model

A

Semantic dementia patients with lesions to the anterior temporal lobes but spared hippocampus have impaired episodic memory. Showed reversed temporal gradient - memories for recent events not yet transferred from hippocampus to neocortex so are intact.

25
Q

What did the Purves et al. (2013) study find? - non-consolidated vs consolidated memories

A
  • Audio, spatial and visual info encoded
  • Hippocampus contains unified representation of event
  • When retrieval cue contains only spatial and visual info of event is encountered before consolidation, hippocampus plays critical role
  • After consolidation the connections with hippocampus become unnecessary
  • Retrieval cue accesses the memory directly from cortical network of connections that form the unified representation or the memory
26
Q

What damage do semantic dementia patients have?

A

Damage to anterior temporal lobes - remember recent but not old events, memories not yet dependent on the cortex - yet to be transferred out the hippocampus

27
Q

What damage to Alzheimers patients have?

A

Damage to hippocampus

28
Q

What is Multiple Trace Theory?

A

Hippocampus plays important role in episodic memory
Older memories have been reactivated numerous times
Each reactivation creates new traces in the MTL
Damage is not global - older memories more likely to be remembered as they have multiple traces

29
Q

What did Gilboa et al. (2004) find with fMRI study of personal memories?

A

PPTs scanned when thinking of remote past memories / more recent memories
- Hippocampus activity for recent and remote memories
- Hippocampus activated related to richness of re experiencing rather than age of memories
- System consolidation = TRANSFORMING memories from episodic-like to semantic-lie and not TRANSFERRING
- After Hippocampal damage older memories successfully retrieved but lack episodic detail

30
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Memories consciously accessed

31
Q

What is non-declarative memory?

A

Memories that cannot be consciously accessed (procedural memory)

32
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Memory of skills (riding a bike)

33
Q

What is priming?

A

Info is easier to access if it has been encountered

34
Q

What is Ribot’s law?

A

Memory loss following brain damage has temporal gradient - recent memories likely to be lost.
Older events more consolidated and less dependent on hippocampus
Memory slowly transferred from hippocampus to cortex

35
Q

What is the levels of processing account?

A

Info processed semantically is more likely to be remembered than info processed perceptually

36
Q

What is the encoding specificity hypothesis?

A

Events are easier to remember when context at retrieval is similar to context at encoding - Godden & Baddeley’s word lists learnt under water or on land

37
Q

What is retrieval induced forgetting?

A

Retrieval of memory causes active inhibition of similar competing memories

38
Q

What is directed forgetting?

A

Forgetting arises because of a deliberate intention to forget

39
Q

What is constructive memory?

A

Remembering by making inferences about the past - based on what is known / accessible

40
Q

What is false memory?

A

Memories that are inaccurate but accepted as a real memory

Cognitive Neuroscience (12 decks)

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