Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cognitive Neuroscience > Lecture 5 - Music and The Brain > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - Music and The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of music according to Darwin, 1971

A

TO ATTRACT MATES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of music according to Huron, 2001

A

Social cohesion - connectedness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the function of music according to Mithen, 2005

A

Acts as a precursor for language - babies produce songs before words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the function of music according to Pinker, 1997 (opposite of Mithen)

A

Music evolves from the language part of the brain. Evolutionary byproduct - need language to survive but music is for enjoyment - AUDITORY CHEESECAKE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does sound travel?

A
  • Enters through the pinna (ear)
  • Down the auditory canal to the ear drum and tympanic membrane, which responds to sound by VIBRATING
  • Vibration pattern transmitted through the middle ear
  • Enters inner ear and cochlea where sound energy translated to neural impulse
  • In the cochlea, Basilar Membrane displaces auditory receptor cells and hair cells. As tiny hairs (cilia) are bent through movement, receptor cells fire
  • Neural impulses generated by hair cells leave the cochlea along auditory canal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the middle ear?

A

Portion between ear drum and cochlea that contains 3 small bones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are cilia

A

Tiny hair cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens to a pitch of LOW frequency when made louder

A

It gets lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens to a pitch of HIGH frequency when made louder

A

It gets higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are pure tones?

A
  • Sounds that consist of a single frequency
  • Sinusoid waveform
  • Simple and distinct sound
  • Rarely occur as most sounds composed of multiple frequencies (complex waveforms)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an important role of the pinna and auditory canal?

A

Reflect sound waves and amplify certain sounds
- Important for detecting the location of a sound source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the middle ear do?

A

Converts airborne vibrations to liquid borne vibrations with minimal energy loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the three small bones in the middle ear called?

A

Malleus, Incus and Stapes
Known as OSSICLES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do the Malleus, Incus and Stapes do?

A

Transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear.
- Malleus is the outermost and largest ossicle - causes sound waves to vibrate and transfer to Incus
- Incus amplifies and transfers the vibrations to the Stapes
- Stapes is the innermost and smallest ossicle, connected to the oval window (membrane that separates middle ear from inner ear). Stapes transmits vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea of the inner ear through movement against the oval window
TRANSFER OF VIBRATIONS TO THE INNER EAR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the missing fundamental phenomenon?

A

Perceive the fundamental frequency of a sound even when it is absent.
Can perceive the pitch of the missing fundamental - brain reinstates it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Timbre?

A

The quality of sound - enables us to distinguish between instruments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the Cochlea?

A

Part of the inner ear that converts liquid borne vibrations into neural impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the Basilar Membrane?

A

A membrane in the cochlea that holds auditory receptors (hair cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Pitch?

A

How high or low a sound is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Loudness?

A

How intense a sound is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the fundamental frequency

A

Lowest frequency of a sound wave - DETERMINES THE PITCH

22
Q

What synapses does sound travel through in the auditory pathway from the ear to the brain?

A

Auditory nerve
Cochlear nuclei in brainstem
Medial geniculate nucleus (in thalamus)
Primary auditory cortex

23
Q

What is the core region?

A

Primary auditory cortex

24
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

A

Temporal lobes

25
Q

What are the secondary auditory cortical areas?

A

Belt and Parabelt regions
What and Where routes

26
Q

What happens if there is damage to the sundry auditory regions?

A

Sound can be heard but problems identifying and locating sounds

27
Q

How is the process of sound organised?

A

Tonotopic organisation

28
Q

What is the expectancy generation?

A

When we listen to music we know what is coming next
We are attuned to violations of this - prefrontal areas activated

29
Q

What is sensory feedback?

A

Information received from playing an instrument, causes musician to adjust their performance e.g make notes softer

30
Q

What is the Cerebellum’s role in music?

A

Emotional response to music

31
Q

What hemisphere is important for musical timings?

A

LEFT

32
Q

What hemisphere is important for musical pitch?

A

RIGHT

33
Q

What is the Modular Model of music perception - Peretz & Coltheart, 2003

A

Subdivisions for processing different modules (pitch, rhythm, timbre, melody) pitch organisation and temporal organisation - disorders of pitch can occur independently of disorders of rhythm.

34
Q

Is music perception innate?

A

Peretz, 2006 = yes.
Infants have a natural preference for consonance (harmony, stability and agreement of music)
Notice changes to contour
At 3 days old can distinguish different rhythms

35
Q

fMRI evidence that music perception is innate - brain activity in infants

A

1-3 day old new borns
Played excerpts of western tonal music and altered versions of the same excerpts
RH ACTIVATION IN PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX

36
Q

What brain area does Atonal music activate? (no tonal key)

A

Left interior frontal cortex and limbic structures

37
Q

Different ages of musical perception

A
  • Newborns - perceive and remember pitch sequences and beat, sensitive to contour and prefer consonance
  • 4-6 yrs - respond to tonal more than atonal music
  • 7 yrs - sensitive to the rules of harmony
  • 10 yrs - understand finer aspects of key structure
  • 12 yrs - develop tastes and recognition of styles
38
Q

What is the Mozart effect?

A

People perform better on tests of spatial abilities after listening to Mozart
- Forde et al 2001, origami study:
Higher performance when listening to Mozart
Arousal and mood is higher
Correlation of enjoyment and high performance

39
Q

How does semantic dementia relate to music recognition?

A

Difficulty recognising familiar songs due to damage to right anterior temporal lobes
Herholtz et al 2012 - memory of familiar songs involves functional connectivity between prefrontal and right anterior temporal lobes

40
Q

What is Congenital Amusia?

A

Poor music perception - dislike music
Problems with pitch perception
TONE DEAFNESS - affects 4% of pop.
Associated with RH abnormalities - right auditory and right inferior frontal gyrus

41
Q

What ERP component is measured in music?

A

P600 - syntactic overlap between music and language

42
Q

Monica case study - congenital amusia

A

Had a musical disability not explained by brain lesion, hearing loss, cognitive deficits or lack of environmental stimuli
Can detect a pitch change of 11 semitones if change is rising not falling

43
Q

What can explain amusia?

A

Thinner white matter

44
Q

Pitch change and amusia

A

Cannot tell the different between a semi tone and a quarter tone

45
Q

What is the protolanguage hypothesis?

A

Music and language have a common origin - innate.
12 amusias worse at detecting emotion
Shows music and language share mechanisms that trigger emotions

46
Q

What is the auditory cheesecake?

A

Language is evolutionary and came first - MUSIC IS FOR ENJOYMENT

47
Q

What is the Shared Syntactic Integration Resource hypothesis? - Patel, 2003

A

Brain uses the same circuits to process grammar for music and language - processing language and music
FRONTAL BRAIN REGIONS

48
Q

What is the Chills effect?

A

Music induces emotion
Physiological changes induced by music
Dopamine activated

49
Q

How can music help Parkinson’s disease?

A

With music patients can lift feet higher, walk better and dance
Rhythm for the brain

50
Q

What is the role of the Basal Ganglia in music?

A

Motor control - movement and beat perception

Cognitive Neuroscience (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions