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CELS191 2021 > Lecture 6 - Regulation Of Animal Cell Shape > Flashcards

Lecture 6 - Regulation Of Animal Cell Shape Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

The cytoskeleton is a dynamic network that interlinks protein filaments present in the cytoplasm. It also provides stability

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2
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

The cytoskeleton helps maintain cell shape and position of organelles with in cells

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3
Q

What are the three main components of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments

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4
Q

How are microtubules composed?

A

Microtubules are composed of subunits of the protein tubulin.

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5
Q

How are microtubules organised?

A

Microtubules either organise themselves next to each other or radiate out from an organised centre called the centrosome

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6
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

Microtubules resist compression (pushing force) thus helping the cell maintain its shape.
Provide cell motility
Involved in organelle movement

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7
Q

Describe flagella motion

A

Snake like motion

Sperm

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8
Q

Describe cilia motion

A

Rowing like motion

If cells are fixed in place beating of cilia and moves fluid past them (move mucus away and clear space around body)

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9
Q

Explain how organelle motility occurs and the function of it

A

Organelle motility happens due to ATP-powered motor proteins that walk the organelles along microtubules. This allows vesicles or other organelles to be transported to specific targets within the cell

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10
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

Microfilaments are a double chain of actin subunits

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11
Q

What do microfilaments form?

A

Linear strands

Three-dimensional networks (using branching proteins)

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12
Q

What do actin-myosin interactions allow

A

Support cell movement:
Muscle contraction
Amoeboid movement
Cytoplasmic streaming in plants

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13
Q

Why is it important that microfilaments resist tension?

A

So cells don’t become damaged when they move

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14
Q

Why is it good to have more fluidity inside the cell than the outside of the cell?

A

To provide tension in plasma membrane

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15
Q

What are some proteins that make intermediate filaments?

A

Keratin (hair)
Lamins (nucleus)
Neurofilaments (neurons)

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16
Q

What is the structure of intermediate filaments?

A

Intermediate filaments are tightly wound together (supercoiled) to form cables which makes them less dynamic than microtubules and microfilaments

17
Q

What are intermediate filaments used in?

A

They are used to form the relatively permanent cellular structures because it is less dynamic which is useful for permanent features.

18
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

A 
Maintain cell shape
Anchor organelles (a more permanent anchoring)
19
Q

How are cells joined together?

A

Through cell junctions

20
Q

What are the 3 major types of cell junction?

A

Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

21
Q

What is the role of tight junctions?

A

Tight junctions hold cells together and stop things going between them.

22
Q

What is the role of desmosomes?

A

Desmosomes are the anchoring junction that anchors two cells together.

23
Q

Why are desmosomes so strong?

A

Desmosomes act like rivets and are connected to intermediate filaments.

24
Q

What is the role of gap junctions?

A

Gap junctions are a point of cytoplasmic contact between cells that allow ions and small particles to pass from cell to cell. It allows for rapid intercellular communication

25
Q

How are cells joined together?

A

Through the ECM. The ECM is what cells lie within and it’s composition varies between tissues.

26
Q

What is the ECM like in bone?

A

Bone is a hard tissue to the ECM has calcium and collagen which resists tension.

27
Q

What is the ECM like in cartilage?

A

Cartilage is smoother and softer than bone so the ECM will have some collagen, elastane and lots of water. Water is good at resisting tension and makes cartilage smooth

28
Q

What is ECM like in connective tissue?

A

The ECM in connective tissue has a lot of space with collagen, elastane and fibroblasts in it. It is restart to pull force and it is soft and not as hard as bone

29
Q

What is ECM composed of?

A

Materials secreted by cells. This secretion occurs by constitutive exocytosis.

30
Q

What are most ECM proteins and what is the most abundant?

A

Most ECM proteins are glycoproteins and the most abundant is collagen.

31
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

Proteins with extensive sugar additions.

32
Q

What do proteogylcans do?

A

Proteoglycans trap water within the ECM. The water resists compression and thus helps retains tissue shape so they won’t flatten.

33
Q

What do fibronectins do?

A

Fibronectins are glycoproteins that attach cells to the ECM

34
Q

What are integrins?

A

Integrins are membrane proteins that connect the ECM to the cytoskeleton. It provides a communication link from ECM to the cell interior. ⭐️

CELS191 2021 (19 decks)

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