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Psychopathology > Lecture 6: Personality Disorders > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Personality Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

personality disorder

A

enduring, the rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that repeatedly impairs a person’s sense of self, emotional experiences, goals, capacity for empathy and intimacy

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2
Q

comorbidity

A

if a person suffers from 2 or more disorders

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3
Q

“odd” personality disorders

A
  • paranoid personality disorder
  • schizoid personality disorder
  • schizotypal personality disorder
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4
Q

paranoid personality disorder

A

marked by a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness of others
- believe that everyone intends them harm so they avoid close relationships and remain cold and distant
- unable to recognize their own mistakes and are very sensitive to criticism
- often bare grudges and blame others for what goes wrong in their lives

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5
Q

psychodynamic explanation of paranoid personality disorder

A

people see the environment as hostile as a result of parents’ persistent and unreasonable demands

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6
Q

cognitive-behavioral explanation of paranoid personality disorder

A

people hold broad maladaptive assumptions (e.g. “people are evil”)

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7
Q

biological explanation of paranoid personality disorder

A

genetic causes

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8
Q

treatment of paranoid personality disorder

A
  • distrust against therapists; few come to treatment willingly; therapy has limited effects
  • object relations therapists: focus on what they view as a deep wish for a satisfying relationship
  • cognitive-behavioral therapy
  • antipsychotic drug therapy – limited help
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9
Q

schizoid personality disorder

A

featuring persistent avoidance of social relationships and little expression of emotion
- genuinely prefer to be alone and are generally unaffected by praise or criticism
- viewed as cold, humorless, or dull

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10
Q

psychodynamic explanation of schizoid personality disorder

A

roots in an unsatisfied need for human contact resulting from parenting

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11
Q

cognitive-behavioral explanation of schizoid personality disorder

A

suffer from deficiencies in thinking

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12
Q

treatment of schizoid personality disorder

A
  • people with schizoid personality disorder tend to remain emotionally distant from therapists, seem not to care about treatment, and make limited progress at best
  • cognitive-behavioral therapy
  • group therapy
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13
Q

schizotypal personality disorder

A

characterized by extreme discomfort in close relationships, very odd patterns of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities
- are anxious around others and can feel very lonely
- emotions appear inappropriate, flat, or humorless
- struggle to maintain focus
- conversations are vague and confusing

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14
Q

explanations of schizotypal personality disorder

A
  • often linked to family conflict and psychological disorders
  • defects in attention and short-term memory
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15
Q

biological explanation of schizotypal personality disorder

A

high activity of dopamine, enlarged brain ventricles, smaller temporal lobes and loss of gray matter

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16
Q

treatment of schizotypal personality disorder

A
  • reconnecting with the world and recognizing their limits
  • cognitive-behavioral therapy
  • antipsychotic drugs
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17
Q

“dramatic” personality disorders

A
  • antisocial personality disorder
  • borderline personality disorder
  • histrionic personality disorder
  • narcissistic personality disorder
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18
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

marked by a general pattern of disregard for and violation of other people’s rights
- usually lie repeatedly, careless with money, impulsive, irritable, aggressive, reckless, self-centered, and have trouble maintaining close relationships
- think of their victims as weak and deserving of being harmed
- often arrested and higher rates of substance use disorders

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19
Q

psychodynamic explanation of antisocial personality disorder

A

beings with the absence of parental love during infancy, leading to a lack of basic trust

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20
Q

cognitive-behavioral explanation of antisocial personality disorder

A

modeling (imitating antisocial others), operant conditioning, attitudes that trivialize the importance of other people’s needs

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21
Q

biological explanation of antisocial personality disorder

A

genetics, low activity of serotonin, deficient functioning in brain structures that help people follow rules, respond to warnings with low brain and bodily arousal

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22
Q

treatment of antisocial personality disorder

A
  • typically ineffective due to a lack of: conscience, desire to change, and respect for therapy
  • cognitive-behavioral therapy and antipsychotic drugs are sometimes used with little success
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23
Q

borderline personality disorder

A

characterized by repeated instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood, and by impulsive behavior
- prone to bouts of anger and feelings of emptiness
- often form intense, conflict-ridden relationships
- think in black-and-white terms and easily feel rejected
- recurrent fears of abandonment and dramatic identity shifts

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24
Q

psychodynamic explanation of borderline personality disorder

A

early lack of acceptance by parents leads to loss of self-esteem, increased dependence, and inability to cope with separation

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25
Q

biological explanation of borderline personality disorder

A

genetic, lower brain serotonin activity, abnormal activity in certain structures

26
Q

sociocultural explanation of borderline personality disorder

A

likely to emerge in cultures that change rapidly

27
Q

biosocial explanation of borderline personality disorder

A

combination of internal forces and external forces

28
Q

developmental psychopathological explanation of borderline personality disorder

A

inability to mentalize (=capacity to understand one’s own mental states and those of other people)

29
Q

treatment of borderline personality disorder

A
  • psychotherapy can lead to some improvement
  • relational psychoanalytic therapy
  • dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT)
  • psychotropic drug treatment
30
Q

relational psychoanalytic therapy

A

therapists take a supportive posture, focus primarily on therapist-patient relationship

31
Q

dialetical behavioral therapy (DBT)

A

weekly individual therapy and group sessions, special emphasis on efforts at self-harm and suicide

32
Q

histrionic personality disorder

A

characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking
- tend to be vain, self-centered, and demanding

33
Q

psychodynamic explanation of histrionic personality diosrder

A

had cold and controlling parents who left them feeling unloved and afraid of abandonment
- to defend themselves against fears of loss, they behave dramatically so that other people would act protectively

34
Q

cognitive-behavioral explanation of histrionic personality disorder

A

self-focused and emotional, general assumption that they are helpless to care for themselves

35
Q

sociocultural explanation of histrionic personality diosrder

A

produced in part by cultural norms and expectations
- the vain, dramatic behavior of the histrionic personality may be an exaggeration of femininity as our culture once defined it

36
Q

treatment of histrionic personality disorder

A
  • cognitive-behavioral therapy
  • group therapy
  • psychodynamic therapy with the aim of helping clients recognize their excessive dependency and become more self-reliant
37
Q

narcissistic personality disorder

A

broad pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy
- expect constant attention and admiration, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, exaggerate their achievements and talents, appear interested in the feelings of others (rarely) and may take advantage of other people

38
Q

psychodynamic explanation of narcissistic personality disorder

A

begins with cold parents, defending against feeling rejected and ashamed by telling themselves they are perfect

39
Q

cognitive-behavioral explanation of narcissistic personality disorder

A

people are treated too positively, children acquire superior and grandiose attitudes

40
Q

sociocultural explanation of narcissistic personality disorder

A

family values and social ideals in societies
- western cultures encourage self-expression, individualism, and competitiveness, and are likely to produce generations of narcissism

41
Q

treatment of narcissistic personality disorder

A
  • difficult to treat because clients cannot acknowledge weaknesses or incorporate feedback from others
  • psychodynamic therapists aim to help clients recognize and work through their underlying insecurities
  • cognitive-behaivoral therapists try to redirect the client’s focus onto the opinion of others and increase their ability to empathize
42
Q

avoidant personality disorder

A

characterized by consistent discomfort and restraint in social situations, overwhelming feelings of inadequacy, and extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation
- avoid social contact due to a fear of criticism or rejection
- believe themselves to be inferior to others and seldom take risks
- yearn for intimate relationships but usually have few or no close friends

43
Q

psychodynamic explanation of avoidant personality disorder

A

shame comes from childhood experiences such as bladder accidents repeatedly punished by parents, leading to the development of a negative self-image

44
Q

cognitive-behavioral avoidant personality disorder

A

harsh criticism and rejection in childhood lead to the assumption that others in the environment will always judge them negatively and failure to develop effective social skills

45
Q

treatment of avoidant personality disorder

A
  • building trust is important – clients may fear rejection
  • psychodynamic therapy
  • cognitive-behavioral therapy
  • group therapy
  • drug therapy (antianxiety, antidepressant)
46
Q

dependent personality disorder

A

characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation and ongoing need to be taken care of
- struggle to make even small decisions for themselves
- difficulty with separation and feel devastated when a close relationship ends, quickly seeking out another relationship to fill the void
- lack confidence in their own ability and seldom disagree with others

47
Q

psychodynamic explanation of dependent personality disorder

A

unresolved conflicts during infancy, early parental loss or rejection resulting in fear of abandonment, or overinvolved and overprotective parents resulting in fear of abandonment

48
Q

cognitive-behavioral explanation of dependent personality disorder

A

unintentionally rewarded as a child when showing clinging behavior, punishing independence
- dichotomous thinking: “if i am to be dependent, i must be completely helpless” or “if i am to be independent, i must be completely alone”

49
Q

treatment of dependent personality disorder

A
  • treatment can be helpful
  • help clients accept responsibility for themselves
  • psychodynamic therapy
  • cognitive-behavioral therapy
  • group therapy
  • antidepressant drug therapy for those who also have depression
50
Q

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

marked by such an intense focus on orderliness, perfectionism, and control that the person loses flexibility, oppeness, and efficiency
- set unreasonably high standards for themselves and others
- tend to be rigid in their morals, ethics, and values

51
Q

Freudian: anal retentive explanation of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

overly harsh toilet training and becoming fixated

52
Q

psychodynamic explanation of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

early struggles with parents over control and independence

53
Q

cognitive-behavioral explanation of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

propose that illogical thinking processes help keep it going

54
Q

treatment of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A
  • unlikely to seek treatment because they often do not believe there is anything wrong with them
  • psychodynamic therapy – help clients recognize and accept their underlying insecurities and limitations
  • cognitive-behavioral therapy
  • SSRIs
55
Q

big five

A
  • neuroticism
  • extroversion
  • openness
  • agreeableness
  • conscientiousness
56
Q

personality disorder – trait specified (PDTS)

A

those whose traits significantly impair their functioning

57
Q

five groups of problematic traits

A
  • negative affectivity
  • detachment
  • antagonism
  • disinhibition
  • psychoticism
58
Q

negative affectivity

A

experience negative emotions frequently and intensively
- emotional lability, anxiousness, separation insecurity, perseveration, submissiveness, hostility, depressivity, suspiciousness, and strong emotional reactions

59
Q

detachment

A

withdraw from other people and social interactions
- restricted emotional reactivity, depressivity, suspiciousness, withdrawal, anhedonia, and intimacy avoidance

60
Q

antagonism

A

behave in ways that put them at odds with other people
- manipulativeness, deceitfulness, grandiosity, attention seeking, callousness, and hostility

61
Q

disinhibition

A

behave impulsively without reflecting on potential future consequences
- irresponsibility, impulsivity, distractibility, risk-taking, and imperfection/disorganization

62
Q

psychoticism

A

have unusual and bizarre experiences
- unusual beliefs and experiences, eccentricity, and cognitive and perceptual dysregulation

Psychopathology (12 decks)

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