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Psychopathology > Lecture 12: Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Lecture 12: Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

psychosis

A

losing contact with reality; not knowing what is real and what is not

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2
Q

2 categories of psychosis

A
  • functional psychosis: psychosis in which there is no apparent pathology of CNS
  • non-functional psychosis: psychosis in which there is pathology of CNS
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3
Q

symptoms of psychosis

A
  • positive symptoms: exaggeration or disturbance of normal functions (delusions, hallucinations, formal thought disorders)
  • negative symptoms: diminishing of normal functions (social withdrawal, lack of drive)
  • cognitive symptoms
  • disorganization, affective symptoms
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4
Q

schizophrenia

A

psychotic disorder, marked by unusual perceptions, disturbed emotions, strange thoughts, and motor dysfunction. more common in low SES groups

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5
Q

downward drift theory

A

that people who experience schizophrenia descend on the economic ladder

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6
Q

checklist for schizophrenia

A
  • for 1 month, the individual displays two or more of the following symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and abnormal motor activity, including catatonia, and negative symptoms
  • at least one symptom must be delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech
  • lower functioning compared to before symptoms emerged
  • some degree of impaired functioning for at leat 5 additional months
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7
Q

types of schizophrenia

A
  • type I schizophrenia: having more positive symptoms (more common type)
  • type II schizophrenia: having more negative symptoms
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8
Q

brief psychotic disorder

A

1 or more: delusions, hallucinations, chaotic speech, chaotic or catatonic behavior with a duration of less than 1 month with a full return to functioning

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9
Q

schizophreniform disorder

A

schizophrenia but duration more than 1 and less than 6 months

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10
Q

schizoaffective disorder

A

6 months or more wherein criteria of mood disorder and schizophrenia are met, and period with only delusions/hallucinations

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11
Q

delusional disorder

A

delusion more than a month, functioning not impaired and behavior not obviously bizarre

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12
Q

3 types of delusional disorder

A
  • erotomatic type: belief that another person of higher status is in love with them
  • persecutory type: belief that they are being mistreated, or someone is spying on them or planning to harm them
  • somatic type: false belief that a person’s internal or external bodily functions are abnormal
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13
Q

psychotic disorder due to another medical condition

A

hallucinations, delusions or disorganized speech caused by a medical illness or brain damage

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14
Q

substance/medication-induced psychotic disorder

A

hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized speech caused directly by a substance

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15
Q

other psychotic disorders in DSM-5

A
  • persistent auditory hallucinations syndrome
  • delusions with significant overlapping mood episodes
  • attenuated psychosis syndrome
  • delusional symptoms in the partner of an individual with delusional disorder
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16
Q

positive symptoms

A

excesses of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors; the healthy person does not have them

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17
Q

delusions

A

strange false beliefs firmly held despite evidence of the contrary

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18
Q

delusions of persecutions

A

believe they are being plotted against

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19
Q

delusions of reference

A

attach special meaning to actions of others or to various objects or events

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20
Q

delusions of grandeur

A

believe to be specially empowered persons

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21
Q

delusions of control

A

believe feelings, thoughts and actions are controlled by others

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22
Q

formal thoughts disorders

A

disturbance in production and organization of thought

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23
Q

lose associations/derailment

A

quicky shifts from one topic to another

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24
Q

neologisms

A

made-up words

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25
Q

perservation

A

repeating words and statements again and again

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26
Q

clang

A

rhyme to think or express themselves

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27
Q

heightened perceptions and hallucinations

A

perceptions in absence of actual external stimuli

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28
Q

tactile hallucinations

A

take the form of tingling, burning sensations or sensations of electric shock

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29
Q

visual hallucinations

A

producing vague perceptions of colors or clouds

30
Q

taste hallucinations

A

induce the idea that food and drinks taste strange

31
Q

somatic hallucinations

A

feelings as if something is going on in the body, for example, a snake crawling through the abdomen

32
Q

olfactory hallucinations

A

for example, the smell of poison that is not there

33
Q

inappropriate affect

A

displays of emotions that are unsuited to the situation

34
Q

negative symptoms

A

missing things that are not present in thoughts, emotions, and behaviors; healthy people do have them

35
Q

poverty of speech/alogia

A

decrease in speech or speech content

36
Q

blunted and flat affect

A

displaying fewer emotions than most people (blunted) or displaying no emotions at all (flat). internally they do experience emotions

37
Q

avolition/apathy

A

having no interest or energy to indulge in activities or take action

38
Q

social withdrawal

A

people turn their backs on their social environment and confine themselves to their own world

39
Q

psychomotor symptoms

A

unusual movements or gestures
- moving slowly or making odd or awkward movements

40
Q

catatonia

A

extreme psychomotor symptoms

41
Q

catatonic stupor

A

stop responding to environment, motionless and silent

42
Q

catatonic rigidity

A

rigid, upright posture and resisting efforts to be moved

43
Q

catatonic posturing

A

awkward and bizarre positions

44
Q

catatonic excitement

A

move excitedly

45
Q

3 phases of schizophrenia

A

schizophrenia usually appears between one’s late teens and mid 30’s
- prodromal phase: starting to deteriorate but symptoms not yet obvious
- active phase: symptoms are clearly present
- residual phase: lessening of symptoms, returning to prodromal-like level

46
Q

genetic/diathesis-stress (biological view of causes of schizophrenia)

A

people who inherit biological predispositions (diathesis) will develop schizophrenia only if certain kinds of events or stressors are also present

47
Q

dopamine hypothesis (biological view of causes of schizophrenia)

A

schizophrenia results from excessive activity of dopamine, which mainly contributes to positive symptoms

48
Q

first generation antipsychotic drugs

A

drugs that help correct grossly confused or distorted thinking by decreasing dopamine

49
Q

phenothiazines

A

first group of effective antipsychotic medications

50
Q

second generation antipsychotic drugs

A

are more effective than first generation drugs and target several neurotransmitters

51
Q

dysfunctional brain structure and circuitry (biological view to causes of schizophrenia)

A

enlarged ventricles, smaller temporal and frontal lobes, less gray and white matter, and abnormal interconnectivity. abnormal dopamine activity is part of a broader circuit dysfunction

52
Q

schizophrenogenic (schizophrenia-causing) mothers (psychodynamic view of causes of schizophrenia)

A

children with mothers who do not care for their needs may develop schizophrenia. little research support

53
Q

operant conditioning (cognitive-behavioural view of causes of schizophrenia)

A

people who are not reinforced to pay attention to social cues may start paying attention to other stimuli-> develop more bizarre responses which are reinforced through attention from others -> schizophrenia

54
Q

misinterpreting unusual sensations (cognitive-behavioural view of causes of schizophrenia)

A
  • strange sensations caused by schizophrenia are due to brain abnormalities
  • when people pay attention to sensations, more symptoms emerge -> develop cognitions based on conclusions from sensations -> schizophrenia
55
Q

multicultural factors (sociocultural view of causes of schizophrenia)

A

schizophrenia rates differ between racial groups and the course and outcome of the disorder vary from country to country

56
Q

social labelling (sociocultural view of causes of schizophrenia)

A

certain symptoms of schizophrenia may emerge because of the diagnosis itself (self-fulfilling prophecy)

57
Q

family dysfunction (sociocultural view of causes of schizophrenia)

A
  • family stress is linked to schizophrenia. parents of people with schizophrenia display more conflicts, struggle to communicate with one another, and are more critical of and over involved with their children
  • expressed emotion = family members openly showing criticism and hostility towards each other, a risk factor for relapse
58
Q

institutionalization (treatment of schizophrenia)

A

put away in public mental hospitals where patients were generally neglected
- overcrowding resulted in shortcomings in resources and staff, which resulted in bad treatment, which worsened mental states

59
Q

milieu therapy

A

social climate for patients to improve, they must be able to be productive, develop self-respect and adopt individual responsibility

60
Q

token economy programs

A

rewarding patients who behave in an acceptable manner and do not reward them when they do not

61
Q

drug therapy (treatment of schizophrenia)

A

most effective form of treatment
- first generation antipsychotics (neuroleptic drugs)
- second generation antipsychotics

62
Q

extrapyramidal effects

A

first generation antipsychotic drugs sometimes lead to movement problems
- parkinsonian symptoms (muscle tremors and rigidity) appear within days or weeks
- tardive dyskinesia: extrapyramidal effects involving involuntary movements that patients have after they have taken antipsychotic drugs for more than 6 months.

63
Q

agranulocytosis

A

second-generation antipsychotic drugs can cause decrease in white blood cells, which can be fatal

64
Q

cognitive-behavioral therapies (treatment of schizophrenia)

A
  • cognitive remediation: focuses on cognitive impairments
  • hallucination reinterpretation and acceptance: the aim is to help clients feel more control over their hallucinations and to reduce their delusional ideas
65
Q

family therapy (treatment of schizophrenia)

A
  • provide training and guidance for the family to deal with the patient so that a constructive base can be developed, in which the client can recover
  • clients with a positive view towards family usually do better
66
Q

social therapy (treatment of schizophrenia)

A

teach social skills and help clients function in the social world

67
Q

community mental health centers (community approach to treatment of schizophrenia)

A

facilities that provide medication, psychotherapy, and emergency care and coordinate treatment in the community

68
Q

short-term hospitalization (community approach to treatment of schizophrenia)

A

when outpatient therapy is not sufficient, people can be hospitalised for a short period of time

69
Q

day centers/hospitals (community approach to treatment of schizophrenia)

A

patients spend their time in the hospital during the day

70
Q

halfway houses (community approach to treatment of schizophrenia)

A

facilities where people can live, who do not need hospitalisation, but are not able to live at home by themselves

71
Q

sheltered workshop (community approach to treatment of schizophrenia)

A

workplace where employees with mental disorders who are not ready for a real job can work so that they can adapt to having a job

72
Q

problem with community approach to treatment of schizophrenia

A
  • failing to communicate between facilities + staff and patients are not well informed about alternative mental health agencies
  • solution: case managers = people who guide clients through the community system
  • shortage of services and failure to provide good service to people with severe mental disorders

Psychopathology (12 decks)

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