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Neuroanatomy Spring 2021 > Lecture 6: Motor Receptors > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Motor Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

___________ refers to the use of sensory information to prepare for movement.

A

feedforward

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2
Q

________ refers to the use of sensory information during or after movement to make corrections to the ongoing movement or to future movements

A

Feedback

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3
Q

Neural activity begins with a decision, made where?

A

the anterior part of the frontal lobe

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4
Q

In the sequence of producing normal movements, after a decision is made what happens next?

A

Motor planning areas are activated

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5
Q

Control circuits are activated after the motor planning areas in producing normal movements. What do the control circuits consist of, and what do they do?

A

Consist of: basal ganglia and cerebellum

Regulate the activity in the upper motor neuron tracts

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6
Q

What do UMN tracts do?

A

deliver signals to spinal interneurons and LMN

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7
Q

What do LMN do?

A

Deliver signals directly to skeletal muscles, eliciting contraction of muscle fibers

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8
Q

UMN tracts are are classified as what type of tracts?

A

Postural/gross movement
fine movement
nonspecific

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9
Q

Postural/Gross movement tracts control what?

A

Automatic skeletal muscle activity

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10
Q

Fine movement tracts control what?

A

Fractionated movements of limbs and face

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11
Q

Nonspecific UMNs facilitate what?

A

All motor neurons

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12
Q

What are fractionated movements?

A

Independent contractions of single muscles

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13
Q

In all regions of the CNS, _______ information adjusts ______ activity

A

sensory

motor

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14
Q

What are the proteins involved in muscle contraction?

A

Actin, myosin, troponin, and tropomyosin

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15
Q

Voluntary Movement:

A

the purposeful motor act formed by complex integrations of multiple levels of sensory and motor nervous systems

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16
Q

activation of Golgi tendon organs ________ alpha motor neuron activity

A

inhibits

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17
Q

The purpose of intrafusal fibers are ________ reception

A

sensory

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18
Q

The purpose of extrafusal fibers are __________ reception

A

motor

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19
Q

Muscle spindles are proprioceptors that detect what type of stimulus?

A

muscle stretch

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20
Q

Golgi Tendon Organs are proprioceptors that detect what type of stimulus?

A

tendon stretch

21
Q

CNS uses information from the muscle spindles to sense ________ _________ of body segments in space

A

relative position

22
Q

Primary Sensory Endings in muscle spindles are what type of fibers? What do they respond to?

A

1a

changes in muscle length and steady state muscle length (phasic and tonic)

23
Q

Secondary Sensory Endings in muscle spindles are what type of fibers? What do they respond to?

A

II

changes in steady state muscle length (tonic)

24
Q

True or false: spindles don’t fire when muscles are relaxed

A

FALSE

25
Q

When a muscle is shortened, does the activity of muscle spindles increase or decrease (hypothetically with nothing else involved)?

A

Decreases

26
Q

What type of Gamma MN innervates dynamic nuclear bag fibers and increases the dynamic sensitivity of 1a fibers?

A

Dynamic Gamma MN

phasic and tonic

27
Q

What type of Gamma MN innervates both static nuclear bag fibers and chain fibers and decreases the dynamic sensitivity of 1a fibers?

A

Static Gamma MN

tonic

28
Q

Golgi tendon organs are Innervated by what type of sensory fibers?

A

1b

29
Q

Golgi tendon organs are sensitive to changes in _______ _______ (i.e. the stretch of the tendon)

A

muscle tension

30
Q

The afferent signal from the Golgi tendon organ ________ activity of the motor neuron and results in muscle relaxation via the negative feedback system

A

inhibits

31
Q

Golgi tendon organ negative feedback response prevents damage to the muscle caused by excessive ___________

A

contraction

32
Q

An alpha motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates is referred to as a:

A

motor unit

33
Q

_____ ______ ______ are cluster of motor neurons within the spinal cord that all innervate a single muscle

A

motor neuron pools

34
Q

Different types of Muscle fibers are innervated by _____ or _____ motor neurons

A

small

large

35
Q

Innervate slow twitch fibers
generate less force than fast-twitch fibers
maintain levels of forces for long periods
postural control

A

Small MNs

36
Q

Innervate fast-twitch fibers
produce larger forces but fatigue very quickly
Generate fast muscular forces

A

Large MNs

37
Q

Areas where the motor axon ramifies into several fine branches

A

neuromuscular junction

38
Q

What is the “all or non” manner?

A

all of muscle fibers innervated by the same MN respond faithfully and synchronously to each action potential of the MN

39
Q

What MNs are recruited and fired first, larger or smaller?

A

Smaller

40
Q

What is the formula for Ohm’s law?

A

V=IR

voltage = current X resistance

41
Q

Poliomyelitis is a disease of UMN or LMN?

A

LMN

42
Q

What is post-polio syndrome?

A

Due to the reason that overextended surviving neurons cannot support abnormal number of axonal branches, some distal branches die

43
Q

What are some side effects of post-polio syndrome?

A

muscle weakness
joint and muscle pain
fatigue
breathing problems

44
Q

What are some positive signs for UMN lesions?

A

Babinski Test
Hoffman’s sign
pronator drift

45
Q

What happens to Mass, Strength, DTR, and tone in and UMN lesion?

A

Mass- decreases slightly
Strength- decreases (Spastic Paralysis)
Tone- hypertonia
DTR- hyper-reflexia

46
Q

What happens to Mass, Strength, DTR, and tone in and LMN lesion?

A

Mass- decreases dramatically
Strength- decreases (Flaccid paralysis)
Tone- hypotonia
DTR- hypo-reflexia

47
Q

Fasciculation are really only normally seen with what type of lesions?

A

LMN lesions

48
Q

What are some examples of causes for UMN Lesions?

A

Stroke
Demyelination
MS

49
Q

What are some examples of causes for LMN Lesions?

A

Polio

Diabetic Neuropathy

Neuroanatomy Spring 2021 (7 decks)

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