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Neuroanatomy Spring 2021 > Lecture 3: Structure And Function Of Synapses > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Structure And Function Of Synapses Flashcards

1
Q

What type of neurotransmitter elicits fast acting effects on muscle membrane?

A

Acetylcholine (ach)

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2
Q

Cocaine and amphetamines directly affect dopamine signaling by interfering with dopamine ________ into the presynaptic neuron

A

reuptake

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3
Q

Where a neuron and a postsynaptic cell communicate is called the _______

A

synapse

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4
Q

Each nerve cell makes and receives up to how many synaptic connections with others?

A

10,000

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5
Q

Conducts impulses toward the synapse

A

presynaptic neuron

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6
Q

Conducts impulses away from the synapse

A

postsynaptic neuron

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7
Q

There are two types of synapses; what are they?

A

Chemical synapse

Electrical synapse

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8
Q

An increase in the strength or duration of an excitatory stimulus to the presynaptic cell results in the release of _______ quantities of neurotransmitter

A

greater

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9
Q

The place between the two terminals

A

synaptic cleft

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10
Q

Chemicals that transmit information across the cleft

A

neurotransmitters

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11
Q

distance between pre and post cell membrane: 3.5 nm
gap junction
cytoplasmic continuity between pre to post synaptic cell
agent of transmission : ion current
virtually no synaptic delay
bi-directional direction of transmission

A

Electrical Synapses

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12
Q

distance between pre and post cell membrane: 20-40 nm
Synaptic cleft
NO cytoplasmic continuity between pre to post synaptic cell
agent of transmission : chemical neurotransmitter
synaptic delay of 1-5 ms or longer
uni-directional direction of transmission

A

Chemical Synapses

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13
Q

Axon to dendrite synapses are called

A

Axodendritic

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14
Q

Axon to axon synapses are called

A

Axoaxonic

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15
Q

Axon to cell body synapses are called

A

Axosomatic

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16
Q

Dendrite to dendrite synapses are called

A

dendrodendritic

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17
Q

The advantage of using neurotransmitters it that the nerve impulse can be given some more ____________

A

specificity

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18
Q

Neurotransmitters can control the operation of the nervous system by __________ or __________

A

inhibition

exhibition

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19
Q

Signal can be modulated (amplified or degraded) based on specific type of ________ ___________

A

synaptic connections

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20
Q

Local changes in ion concentration across the post synaptic membrane are called:

A

post-synaptic potentials

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21
Q

Local depolarization allowing the flow of NA+ or Ca2+ into the neuron (ex. Ach in muscle)

A

EPSP

excitatory post synaptic potential

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22
Q

Local hyperpolarization allowing the flow of Cl- into the cell or K+ out of the cell

A

ISPS

Inhibitory post synaptic potential

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23
Q

How do the multiple inputs combine to determine the output firing pattern of a neuron?

A

Synaptic integration: spatial and temporal summation

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24
Q

Released at specific synapses
act DIRECTLY on postsynaptic ion channels (ionotropic) of a neuron or activate proteins (metabotropic) inside the postsynaptic neuron

A

neurotransmitters

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25
Q

released into extracellular space
affect a group of neurons
manifest more slowly and last longer than neurotransmitters

A

Neuromodulators

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26
Q

List the types of neurotransmitters (7) (AGGDNSS)

A 
Acetylcholine
Glutamate
GABA
Dopamine 
Norepinephrine 
Serotonin 
Substance P
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27
Q

All neurons that synapse with skeletal muscles use _________ to elicit fast-acting effects on muscle membrane

A

Acetylcholine

28
Q

Ach is an Excitatory neurotransmitter found in neuromuscular junctions involved in ________ ____________

A

muscular contractions

29
Q

In the brain, Ach acts as a slow ______________ in control of movement and attention

A

neuromodulator

30
Q

________ works on Ach receptors by mimicking Ach. It can artificially move skeletal muscles, leading to slight trembling movements

A

Nicotine

31
Q

low levels of Ach are found in those with __________ _______

A

Alzheimer’s disease

32
Q

What is the major, fast excitatory neurotransmitter of the CNS?

A

glutamate

33
Q

Too much glutamate is involved in _________ _________

A

epileptic seizures

34
Q

__________ is involved with learning and development

A

glutamate

35
Q

The release of neurotransmitters from an axon terminal can be ___________ or _________ by the chemical action at the axoaxonic synapse

A

facilitated

inhibited

36
Q

The most prevalent fast-acting neurotransmitters are _________ (excitatory) and ____ (inhibitory)

A

glutamate

GABA

37
Q

When in low supply, this neurotransmitter can cause neural over-activity (ie seizures and unwanted skeletal muscle contractions) and anxiety

A

GABA

38
Q

_______ mimics GABA

A

Alcohol

39
Q

__________ _______ involves loss of neurons in striatum that utilize GABA
Symptoms: Jerky involuntary movements and mental deterioration

A

Huntington’s disease

40
Q

_________, __, _________, and _________ function as slow acting neurotransmitters and neuromodulators

A

Dopamine
Ne
Serotonin
Histamine

41
Q

Affects motor activity, cognition, and behavior
Involved in movement, attention, and learning
Also pleasure and rewarding sensations

A

Dopamine

42
Q

Too much dopamine is involved in ____________

A

Schizophrenia

43
Q

Parkinson’s disease: loss of ________ -producing neurons in the substantial nigra
symptoms include:
difficulty starting and stopping voluntary movements
tremors at rest
stooped posture
rigidity
poor balance

A

dopamine

44
Q

What neurotransmitter is responsible for around and increasing attention to sensory information?

A

NE

45
Q

Excessive levels of NE can produce _____ _______, the abrupt onset of intense terror and hallucinations combined with signs of increased sympathetic nervous system activity

A

panic disorder

46
Q

PTSD often involves excessive ___

A

NE

47
Q

Low levels of NE are found while sleeping and in those with __________

A

depression

48
Q

Involved in mood, perception of pain, general arousal level, and can suppress sensory information

A

Serotonin

49
Q

Highest levels occurs with alertness and lowest levels occur during REM sleep

A

serotonin

50
Q

Prozac works by keeping serotonin in the _______ longer, giving to more time to exert an effect

A

synapse

51
Q

One of the most common nucleopeptides

A

Substance P

52
Q

In PNS, substance P stimulates nerve endings to transmit ____ messages to the brain

A

pain

53
Q

In CNS, P acts as a ______________, producing long-duration excitation of postsynaptic cells.

A

neuromodulator

54
Q

Modulates the immune system and neuronal activity in times of high stress

A

substance P

55
Q

Synaptic receptors are typically named for the neurotransmitters to which they ____.

A

Bind

56
Q

The effects of a neurotransmitter is based not one the chemical itself, but one the type of _________ to which it binds

A

receptor

57
Q

Lock and key analogy:
_______ lock
________ Key

A

receptor site

neurotransmitter

58
Q

Ionotropic receptors have _____ synaptic transmission, directly activating the ion channels

A

fast

59
Q

Metibotropic receptors have ____ synaptic transmission and act through G proteins. They can cause persistent opening of membrane channels

A

slow

60
Q

The ______ _________ ______ is responsible for some of the most profound, longest lasting changes in the nervous system

A

second messenger system

61
Q

effect of drugs on nervous system tissues

A

neuropharmacology

62
Q

mimics actions of naturally occurring neurotransmitters

A

Agonist

63
Q

Impedes the effects of a naturally occurring transmitter such as preventing the release of neurotransmitter or binding to the receptors

A

Antagonists

64
Q

Describe Myasthenia Gravis

A

Damage to the nicotinic postsynaptic receptors on muscle cells
Adequate Ach is being produced but few receptors are available for binding
Repetitive use of muscles leads to weakness and fatigue
Improves after periods of rest

65
Q

Describe Lamber-Eaton syndrome

A

Damage to voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in presynaptic terminal
Decreased release of Ca2+ into neurotransmitter
Decreased excitation of muscle
Lead to muscle weakness

Neuroanatomy Spring 2021 (7 decks)

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