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Neuroanatomy Spring 2021 > Lecture 5: Somatic Sensory System > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Somatic Sensory System Flashcards

1
Q

Information in the _____________ system proceeds from the receptor through a series of neurons in the brain

A

somatosensory

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2
Q

What is the specialized nervous system that allows us ti receive information from the body in order to interact with the world, move accurately, and avoid/minimize injuries?

A

Somatic Sensory System

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3
Q

What is the awareness of stimuli form the sense?

Receptors concert the energy of the stimulus into electrical potentials
Action potentials propagate to specific areas of the brain

A

sensation

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4
Q

What is the interpretation of sensation into meaningful forms?
Once the brain recognizes a sensation, it interprets it, giving the __________ (color, taste, sound) of a stimulus

A

Perceptions

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5
Q 
Put these words in working order: 
Conduction 
Receptor 
Translation 
Stimulus
A

Stimulus
Receptor
Conduction
Translation

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6
Q

What component of the sensory system applies to the receptor triggering a graded membrane potential in the receptor?

A

Stimulus

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7
Q

What component of the sensory system converts stimulus energy to impulse (action potential)?

A

Receptor

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8
Q

What component of the sensory system sends the impulse over the sensory pathway to CNS?

A

Conduction

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9
Q

What component of the sensory system is the region of the CNS that receives impulses and integrates information? It may also prepare a response.

A

Translation

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10
Q

Environmental energy or energy change that causes a change in receptor potential in a receptor cell

A

Stimulus

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11
Q

Stimulation determines the _____ of receptors that are activated as well as the pattern of signal ____________.

A

Type

transmission

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12
Q

Specialized peripheral element of the sensory neuron where the sensation and perception begin

A

Receptors

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13
Q

Each type of receptor is specialized, responding only to a specific type of ________

A

stimulus

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14
Q

Neurons with free nerve endings

A

simple receptors

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15
Q

Nerve endings enclosed in connective tissue capsule

A

complex neural receptors

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16
Q

Cells that release neurotransmitter into sensory neurons, initiating an action potential

A

special senses receptors

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17
Q

What is the classification of sensory receptors?

A

General Senses: somatic and visceral

Special Senses

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18
Q

What are somatic senses receptors?

A

tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive

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19
Q

What are visceral sensory receptors?

A

provide information about conditions within internal organs

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20
Q

What are the special senses?

A

Smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium or balance

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21
Q

Where are exterorecptors located?

What do they detect?

A

at or near body surface (superficial, cutaneous)

Detect external stimuli (light, heat, chemicals, pressure)

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22
Q

Where are interorecptors located?

What do they detect?

A

Deep

React to stimuli coming from internal body/organs (blood pressure, plasma osmolarity, blood pH)

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23
Q

What are examples of proprioceptors?

What do they sense?

A

muscles, tendons, ligaments

position and kinesthetic sense

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24
Q

What receptors react to mechanical stimuli (touch, stretch)?

A

mechanoreceptors

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25
Q

What receptors react to chemical molecules of substances (ex. smell, taste, substance P)?

A

chemoreceptors

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26
Q

What receptors react to hot and cold?

A

thermorecptors

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27
Q

What receptors are sensitive to stimuli that damage or threaten to damage tissue?

A

Nociceptors

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28
Q

What receptors process vision?

A

Photoreceptor

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29
Q

Superficial and Subcutaneous mechanoreceptors are composed of what type of fibers?

A

A beta fibers

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30
Q

Proprioception provides information regarding: _______ of muscles, _______ on tendons, _________ of joints, and deep _________.

A

Stretch
Tension
positions
vibrations

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31
Q

What is kinesthetic sensory?

A

Sense about movement

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32
Q

Where does perception occur?

A

Cerebrum

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33
Q

Stimulation of nociceptors results in a sensation of ____

A

pain

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34
Q

Receptors that respond as long as a stimulus is maintained are called:

A

Tonic Receptors

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35
Q

Receptors that adapt to a constant stimulus and stop responding are called:

A

Phasic receptors

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36
Q

Peripheral sensory neurons have two axons, distal and proximal. What do each of these do?

A

Distal axons conduct messages from the receptor to the cell body
Proximal axons project from the cell body into the spinal cord or brainstem

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37
Q

Which axons transmit information faster, large-diameter or small-diameter?

A

Large diameter because large-diameter axons are myelinated, allowing saltatory conduction of the action potential

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38
Q

Peripheral axons are also called:

A

afferents

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39
Q

All of the fine touch receptors transmit information on which afferents?

A

A-Beta afferents

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40
Q

Free nerve endings (Thermal and nociceptors) operate on what afferents?

A

A-delta and C

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41
Q

Type 1a afferents register what type of movements?

A

Quick and tonic stretch

42
Q

Type II afferents monitor what?

A

Tonic stretch of a muscle

43
Q

Specialized muscle fibers that compose the muscle spindle are called:

A

intrafusal fibers

44
Q

Ordinary muscle fibers outside of the muscle spindle are called:

A

extrafusal fibers

45
Q

Intrafusal Fibers are proprioceptors. What information do they tell us about the muscle?

A

degree of stretch

velocity of stretch

46
Q

Why is alpha-gamma co-activation important?

A

When the alpha motor neurons cause the extrafusal fibers to stretch, the gamma motor neurons cause the intrafusal fibers to stretch, and this allows the sensory endings to indicate stretch

47
Q

Tension in tendons is relayed by:

A

Golgi tendon organs

48
Q

What type of afferents transmit information from the Golgi tendon organs to the spinal cord?

A

Type Ib afferents

49
Q

Free nerve endings are most often stimulated by:

A

inflammation

50
Q

The area of skin innervated by a single afferent neuron is called the _________ ______ for that neuron

A

receptive field

51
Q

Receptive fields tend to be smaller ________ and larger __________

A

distally

proximally

52
Q

Superficial mechanoreceptors have a ______ receptive field

A

small

53
Q

Subcutaneous mechanoreceptors have a _____ receptive field

A

large

54
Q

What is the diameter of the axon afferent being described?

Transmit information form specialized receptors in muscles, tendons, and joints

A

Large

55
Q

What is the diameter of the axon afferent being described?

transmit information from joint capsules, muscle spindles, and cutaneous touch, pressure, and stretch receptors

A

Medium

56
Q

What is the diameter of the axon afferent being described?

Convey crude touch, nociceptive, and temperature information from both the musculoskeletal system and the skin

A

Smallest

57
Q

Roman numerals are for ___________ axons, and letters are for all others.

A

Proprioceptive

58
Q

_______________ is necessary for accurate control of movements and protects against injury

A

Somatosensation

59
Q

The primary somatosensory cortex is essential for:

A

two point discrimination
graphesthesia
stereognosis
simultaneous awareness of stimulation on both sides of the body

60
Q

In a nerve conduction study, amplitude often serves as a measurement for what?

A

How many axons are conducting

61
Q

To determine whether an NCS is normal, three numeric values are compared:

A

distal latency
amplitude of the evoked potential
conduction velocity

62
Q

What does conduction velocity measure?

A

The distance between the electrodes divided by the amount of time from the stimulus to the first depolarization at the recording electrode

63
Q

______ _______ is the time required for the depolarization evoked by the stimulus to reach the distal recording site.

A

distal latency

64
Q

Incoordination that is not due to weakness:

A

Ataxia

65
Q

The Romberg test is used to differentiate between what two types of ataxia?

A

cerebellar and sensory

66
Q

Lesions that produce sensory ataxia are located where?

A

peripheral sensory nerves
dorsal roots
dorsal columns of the spinal cord
medial lemnisci

67
Q

What is the Romberg sign?

A

People have better balance with their eyes open but become unsteady with their eyes closed

68
Q

What does a positive Romberg sign indicate?

A

sensory ataxia

69
Q

Dysfunction or pathology of one of more peripheral nerves is __________

A

neuropathy

70
Q

What is the order of sensory loss involved with peripheral neuropathy?

A 
Conscious perception and discriminative touch 
Cold 
Fast pain
Heat 
Slow Pain
71
Q

After compression on a peripheral nerve is relieved, sensations return in the ________ order that they were lost

A

reverse

72
Q

Because large axons are the most heavily myelinated, demyelination of axons in a peripheral nerve often affects proprioception and vibratory sense most severely, resulting in diminished or lost _______________.

A

Proprioception

73
Q

Complete transection of the cord prevents all sensation how far below the level of the lesion from ascending to higher levels in the cord?

A

1-2 levels

74
Q

A hemisection of the spinal cord interrupts pain and temperature sensation from what side of the body?

Why?

A

Contralateral

the axons transmitting nociceptive and temperature information cross to the opposite side of the cord upon entering

75
Q

A hemisection of the spinal cord interrupts discriminative touch and conscious proprioception from what side of the body?

Why?

A

Ipsilateral

This information ascends on the same side that it enters the spinal cord on

76
Q

In a lesion of the posterior column, what 3 senses are lost?

A

Vibration
conscious proprioception
two point discrimination

77
Q

What system regulates homeostasis and the reproductive system?

A

ANS

78
Q

The maintenance of optimal internal environment, including body temperature and chemical composition of tissues and fluids

A

Homeostasis

79
Q

The _________ nervous system regulates the viscera, vasculature, and glands

A

autonomic

80
Q

What three cranial nerves convey autonomic afferent information?

A

Facial (VII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)

81
Q

Most of the visceral information entering the brainstem via cranial nerves converges in the ________ ________

A

solitary nucleus

82
Q

Areas within the medulla control:

A

heart rate
respiration
vasoconstriction
vasodilation

83
Q

Areas of the ____ are also responsible for controlling respiration

A

pons

84
Q

The ___________ is considered to be the master controller of homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

85
Q

Neurons that adapt quickly to a pressure stimulus, but stop sending action potentials when pressure is continually applied

A

Rapid Adapting

86
Q

Neurons that continually create action potentials at a slower rate when pressure is continually applied

A

Slow Adapting

87
Q

Coarse touch, pain, and temperature are all received by what type of receptor?

A

Free nerve endings (A delta and C fibers)

88
Q

What type of receptor has slow adapting fibers and detects object pressure and form (Static sense)?

A

Tonic Receptor

89
Q

What type of receptor has fast adapting fibers that detect motion and vibration (respond to a change)?

A

Phasic Receptor

90
Q

What four attributes comprise signal conduction of a neuron?

A

Modality
Location
Intensity
Duration

91
Q

______, ___________, and ________ ________ cross the midline in the spinal cord

A

pain, temperature, and course touch

92
Q

_______ _______, _________, and _______________ pathways cross the midline in the medulla

A

fine touch, vibration, and proprioception

93
Q

Diameter of the axons, degree of axonal myelination, and number of synapses in the pathway determine the _____ of information processing

A

speed

94
Q

What is it called when synapses spread action potentials to several areas of the CNS?

A

Divergence

95
Q

What is it called when synapses focus action potentials from several sensors on narrow areas of the CNS?

A

Convergence

96
Q

Many primary sensory neurons converging onto single secondary neuron creates a very large _________ ______. The two stimuli will be perceives as a single point excuse both stimuli fall within the same receptive field

A

Receptive field

97
Q

When fewer neurons converge, secondary receptive fields are much _______. The two stimuli activate separate pathways are are perceived as distinct stimuli.

A

smaller

98
Q

Training of certain neurons by repeatedly stimulating a specific neuron and the pathway closest to the stimulus inhibits neighboring neurons, thus enhancing perception of the stimulus:

A

Activity-dependent neuroplasticity

99
Q

Somatosensory information protects the body against ______

A

injury

100
Q

Varicella-zoster virus causes chickenpox and infects the _______ ______ _________.

A

dorsal root ganglion

Neuroanatomy Spring 2021 (7 decks)

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