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Neuroanatomy Spring 2021 > Lecture 4: PNS > Flashcards

Lecture 4: PNS Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous structures outside the brain and spinal cord with the exception of the dorsal root ganglia

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

PNS allows the ____ to receive information and take action

A

CNS

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3
Q

All nervous system structures enclosed by bone are considered part of the ______

A

CNS

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4
Q

Spinal nerve lesions are expressed in what way?

A

Myotomal/dermatomal pattern

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5
Q

Peripheral nerve lesions are expressed in what way?

A

peripheral nerve pattern

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6
Q

What parts of the neuron are in the spinal region?

A

nerve root
dorsal ganglia
spinal nerve

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7
Q

What parts of the neuron are in the peripheral region?

A

rami, plexus
axons and nerve endings
Postganglionic ANS

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8
Q

Where are afferent neuron cell bodies located?

A

Dorsal Root Ganglia

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9
Q

What type of neurons carry sensory information from the outer body toward the CNS?

A

Afferent (sensory) Neurons

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10
Q

Where are efferent neuron cell bodies located?

A

Ventral horn of the spinal cord

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11
Q

What type of neurons relay commands from CNS to smooth and striated muscles and glands (effectors)?

A

Efferent (motor) Neurons

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12
Q

Where are interneurons located?

A

within the CNS in the brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

Process information locally and convey information short distances

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14
Q

Another name for a bundle of peripheral axons

A

Nerves

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15
Q

Clusters of peripheral neuronal cell bodies

A

Ganglia

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16
Q

Pick up stimuli from inside of outside of the body

A

Sensory Endings

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17
Q

Axon terminals of motor neurons innervate effectors (muscle fibers and glands)

A

Motor Endings

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18
Q

Cable-like tissues in PNS

A

nerves

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19
Q

Nerve Trunk

A

a large cable like tissue grouped by numerous fascicles

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20
Q

Nerve fascicles

A

groups of axons bound into bundles

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21
Q

Small-diameter axons that share Schwann cells are referred to as:

A

unmyelinated

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22
Q

Large-diameter axons that are fully wrapped by individual Schwann cells are referred to as:

A

myelinated

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23
Q

___________ is a layer of delicate connective tissue surrounding the axon

A

endoneurium

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24
Q

___________ is a layer of connective tissue surrounding a nerve fascicle

A

perineurium

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25
Q

__________ is a tough fibrous sheath surrounding a whole nerve

A

epineurium

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26
Q

Nerve fibers with different diameters have different __________ ___________.

A

Conduction velocities

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27
Q

________ results in fascicle gliding within the nerve and the nerve gliding relative to other structures

A

Movement

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28
Q

somatic peripheral nerves are usually mixed, consisting of _______, __________, and ______ axons

A

sensory
autonomic
motor

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29
Q

Sensory input and motor output is divided into 4 main subdivisions:

A

somatic sensory
visceral sensory
somatic motor
visceral motor (autonomic nervous system)

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30
Q

Somatic Sensory General Somatic Senses (Skin)

A

touch, pain, vibration, pressure, temperature

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31
Q

Somatic Sensory Proprioceptive Senses (Skeletal muscle)

A

detect stretch in tendons and muscle
provide information on body position
orientation and movement of body in space

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32
Q

Somatic Sensory Special Senses

A

hearing, balance, vision

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33
Q

Viceral Sensory General Visceral Senses

A

sensory neurons monitor stretch, temperature, chemical changes, and irritation

34
Q

Viscera pain perceived to be somatic in origin is called

A

referred pain

35
Q

Visceral Sensory Special Senses

A

olfaction (smell)

gustation (taste)

36
Q

General somatic Motor Senses

A

signals contraction of skeletal muscles

under voluntary control

37
Q

Visceral Motor makes up:

A

ANS
Parasympathetic/sympathetic
Regulates the contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle; controls the function of visceral organs

38
Q

____ pairs of spinal nerves attach through dorsal and ventral nerve roots

A

31

39
Q

Spinal nerves are named according to the spinal cord segment from which they originate. How many spinal nerves are in each segment?

A 
8 cervical 
12 thoracic 
5 lumbar 
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
40
Q

Dorsal roots contain ________ fibers

A

sensory

41
Q

Ventral roots contain _____ fibers arising from ______ ______ _______

A

motor

anterior gray column

42
Q

Dorsal Root ganglion are home to:

A

afferent cell bodies

43
Q

Outside the intervertebral foramen, spinal nerves re-branch as _______ and _______ ______

A

dorsal

ventral rami

44
Q

Dorsal Rami Supply What?

A

The somatic motor and sensory fibers to smaller nerves that innervate the muscles and skin of the posterior head, neck, and trunk

45
Q

Ventral Rami Supply What?

A

the muscles and skin of the limb and the lateral and anterior trunk

46
Q

Where a ventral ramus communicates with a chain of sympathetic nerves

A

Sympathetic Rami

47
Q

Another name for distal structures of ventral rami (all except for T2-T11)

A

nerve plexus

48
Q

Four Nerve plexuses and their innervations

A

Cervical (C1-C4)
Brachial (C5-T1)
Lumbar (L1-L4)
Sacral (part L4-S4)

49
Q

Phrenic nerve (C3-C5) is the sole nerve of the __________

A

diaphragm

50
Q

The Cervical plexus carries efferent neurons to:

A

many muscles of the neck

51
Q

The Cervical plexus carries afferent neurons from:

A

skin of the neck, shoulder, and scalp near ear

52
Q

The brachial plexus carries efferent neurons to:

A

muscles of the shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand

53
Q

The brachial plexus carries afferent neurons from:

A

skin of shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand

54
Q

What are the main nerves of the brachial plexus?

A 
Median
Ulnar
Radial
Muculocutaneous
Axillary
55
Q

The lumbar plexus carries efferent neurons to:

A

muscles of the anterior pelvis, anterior and medial thigh

56
Q

The lumbar plexus carries afferent neurons from:

A

skin of the anterior pelvis, anterior and medial thigh, and medial leg

57
Q

The sacral plexus carries efferent neurons to:

A

muscles of the posterior pelvis, posterior thigh, anterior and posterior leg, and foot

58
Q

The sacral plexus carries afferent neurons from:

A

skin of the posterior pelvis, posterior thigh, anterior and posterior leg, and foot

59
Q

What muscles are innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve? (Elbow flexors, 3)

A

Coracobrachialis
Biceps brachii
Brachialis

60
Q

What muscles are innervated by the median nerve?

A

Finger Flexors and Pronators

61
Q

What muscles are innervated by the Ulnar nerve?

A

Finger Flexors

62
Q

What muscles are innervated by the radial/axillary nerve?

A

Elbow/Finger extensors

63
Q

What muscles are innervated by the femoral nerve?

A

Quads

64
Q

What muscles are innervated by the Common Peroneal Nerve (Fibular)?

A

Ankle Dorsiflexors

Extensor of the Leg

65
Q

What muscles are innervated by the Obturator nerve?

A

Hip abductors

66
Q

What muscles are innervated by the Tibial nerve?

A

Plantar Flexors

67
Q

Neuropathy with a single nerve involvement

Traumatic Myelinopathy

A

Mononeuropathy

68
Q

neuropathy that is multifocal random, asymmetric involvement of individual nerves

A

Multiple mononeuropathy

69
Q

Neuropathy that involves multiple peripheral nerves with symmetric distribution
Symptoms progress from distal to proximal
S/S of LMN disease

A

Polyneuropathy

70
Q

What are some causes of injury to peripheral nerves

A 
Trauma
Compression (entrapment)
Irritation 
Metabolic disorders
Inflammatory (neuritis)
Virus 
Age related changes
71
Q

What type of pathology causes temporary damage to the myelin sheath that leads to a blockage of nerve conduction with no motor and sensory function distal to the injured nerve and can recover spontaneously over days or weeks?

A

Neurapraxia (Seddon’s Class 11)

72
Q

What type of pathology causes axons and myelin sheaths to be damaged while Schwann cells, enoneurium, perineurium, and epineuirum remain in tact?
The axons degenerate distally and regeneration is about 1-2mm per day.

A

Axonotmesis (Seddon’s Class II)

73
Q

What type of pathology causes a total severance/disruption of the entire nerve fiber as well as partial or total disruptions of connective tissues? It does not regenerate spontaneously and grafting is necessary to restore function.

A

Neurotmesis (Seddon’s Class III)

74
Q

In what pathology is nerve conduction still in tact in the proximal and distal segment of the nerve, but not at the area of injury?

A

Neurapraxia (Class I)

75
Q

In what pathology is there no nerve conduction distal to the site of injury?

A

Axontmesis (Class II) and Neurotmesis (Class III)

76
Q

Where is the most common site of compression for the radial nerve?

A

Radial Groove

77
Q

“Saturday Night Palsy” (wrist drop) is another name for:

A

neurapraxia

78
Q

What type of traumatic myelinopathy is caused by compression of the median nerve?

A

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

79
Q

List 4 common causes of polyneuropathy

A

diabetes mellitus
virus infection
nutritional deficiencies
Autoimmune Disfunction

80
Q

What are symptoms of small fiber involvement in polyneuropathy?

A

pain and temperature disturbances (numbness, painful paresthesias)

81
Q

What are symptoms of large fiber involvement in polyneuropathy?

A

weakness, areflexia, sensory ataxia or loss of position and vibration sense

Neuroanatomy Spring 2021 (7 decks)

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