Lecture 6 - Metabolic Syndrome Flashcards
Define metabolic syndrome
A group of symptoms which consistently occur together or a condition characterised by a set of associated symptoms
Give examples of metabolic syndrome
Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Triple-X-syndrome, Turner syndrome
What does metabolic syndrome put you at an increased risk of?
Diseases of the blood vessels e.g. heart attack and stroke as well as diabetes
Name the common characteristics of metabolic syndrome
Insulin resistance
Elevated fasting blood glucose
Hypertension
Dyslipidaemia
- elevated serum triglycerides
- reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) - good cholesterol
- elevated small-dense low density lipoprotein (LDL) particles
Name other features of metabolic syndrome
Elevated serum fibrinogen and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)
Endothelial dysfunction - impaired vessel relaxation, thrombosis
Systemic Inflammation - elevated CRP, TNF, IL-6
Oxidant stress - Ox-LDL
Inflamed adipose tissue - monocyte infiltration
Albuminuria - albumin in urine
Decreased adiponectin
Hyperpigmentation of the skin
What are the risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome?
Visceral obesity
Age
Weight
Race - higher in Afro-Caribbean, Asian
Non-alcoholic fatty liver tissue
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Smoking
Metabolic syndrome is a major independent risk factor for…
Type 2 Diabetes
CVD
Where do we get out glucose sources from?
Dietary intake of carbs
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis
Fatty acid catabolism
Where is glucose used?
Glycogenesis (liver and skeletal muscle) - glycogen to replenish stocks
Glycolysis to generate - pyruvate, ATP, heat and glycerol
Fatty acid synthesis
Define brown adipocytes
High levels in neonates
important role in thermogenesis
Levels decrease dramatically with age
Define ‘Brite’ adipocytes
A mix of both white and brown fat
Key in balancing storage and expenditure
Exercise and diet can push the body to move towards ‘write’ adipocytes
Name the adipokines that adipocytes secrete
Leptin
Adiponectin
TNF
IL-6
Resistin
What is Leptin?
Hormones secreted by the adipose tissue
Primary action is in the hypothalamus
Stimulates satiety - suppresses hunger
Increased levels in obesity
What is adiponectin?
Secreted by the adipose tissue - decreased in obesity
Low levels in plasma - risk factor for metabolic syndrome
Stimulates fatty acid catabolism - decreased triglycerides
Decreases hepatic glucose production
Increases insulin selectivity - Increased energy expenditure and increased glucose uptake
Increased levels if taking thiazolidinediones (glitizone drugs)
Describe the mechanisms of vascular disfunction in metabolic syndrome
Decreased nitric oxide signalling
Increased oxidant stress
Triglyceridemia
