Lecture 6: Lipids

Question 1

What lipids are used for cell membranes?

Answer 1

Phospholipids and cholesterol

Question 2

What form of lipid is used for energy stores?

Answer 2

Triglycerides

Question 3

What are steroids and FAs used for?

Answer 3

Regulatory roles as hormones, vitamins and bile acids

Question 4

How is energy stored in cells in the short term?

Answer 4

ATP
Redox agents
Ionic transmembrane gradients

Question 5

How is energy stored in cells in the long term?

Answer 5

Carbohydrates and fats

Question 6

What are the 3 potential uses for acetyl coA?

Answer 6

Cholesterol

Citric acid cycle

Stored energy as FAs

Question 7

How can acetyl CoA be made?

Answer 7

From glucose or from fatty acids

Question 8

What forms of energy can be used by the brain?

Answer 8

No glycogen in the brain - only glucose or ketone bodies

Question 9

What is acetyl CoA added to to make citric acid?

Answer 9

OAA

Question 10

What is the principle behind the citric acid cycle?

Answer 10

Acetyl coA gets turned into energy by burning O2 and making CO2

Question 11

What are the uses of cholesterol?

Answer 11

Essential component of cell membranes, precursor of biles acids, steroid hormones and vitamin D

Question 12

What percentage of plasma cholesterol is esterified?

Answer 12

75%

Question 13

Name two ketone bodies.

Answer 13

Acetoacetic acid

Beta-hydroxybutyric acid

Question 14

What is the waste product of making ketone bodies?

Answer 14

Acetone

Question 15

How are ketone bodies eliminated?

Answer 15

By the kidney

Question 16

What is the cis angle?

Answer 16

123 degrees

Question 17

What is the trans angle?

Answer 17

132 degrees

Question 18

When using omega terminology, do you start from the left or right?

Answer 18

Left

Question 19

What is the relationship between melting point and double bonds?

Answer 19

Saturated fats more likely to be solid

As increase number of double bonds, the melting point decreased - more likely to be mobilisable - because of the kinks

Question 20

What are the four lipid transport pathways?

Answer 20

Gut to liver and periphery (exogenous)

Liver to periphery (endogenous)

Periphery to liver (reverse)

Liver to digestive tract (bile acids)

Question 21

What fat molecule represents the exogenous pathway?

Answer 21

Chylomicrons

Question 22

What fat molecule represents the endogenous pathway?

Answer 22

VLDL

Question 23

What fat molecule represents the reverse pathway?

Answer 23

HDL

Question 24

What are bile acids used for?

Answer 24

Digest fats in the diet

Emulsifies fats

Question 25

What is lipoprotein lipase used for?

Answer 25

Metabolises TG to FA and glycerol

Question 26

Where is LPL?

Answer 26

Cell surface

Question 27

What is apolioprotein?

Answer 27

Protein in lipoprotein particle that can hold lipid

Amphipathic

Question 28

Which is less dense- protein or lipid?

Answer 28

Lipid

Question 29

Which particles signify atheroma risk?

Answer 29

VLDL, IDL and LDL

Question 30

Which pancreatic cells release insulin?

Answer 30

Beta cells

Question 31

Which pancreatic cells release glucagon?

Answer 31

Alpha cells

Question 32

Which type of diabetes results from relative insulin deficiency as a result of insulin resistance?

Answer 32

Type 2

Question 33

How do statins work?

Answer 33

Block HMG-CoA reductase