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Anatomy-Principals > Lecture 6: How do we breathe? > Flashcards

Lecture 6: How do we breathe? Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by the respiratory tree?

A

The set of tubes which connect the nose and mouth with the alveoli in the lungs.

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2
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Tiny air sacs located within the lungs.

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3
Q

What histological feature of alveoli allows oxygen to diffuse into the blood? (2)

A
  • The alveoli have very thin walls

- The surrounding capillaries also have thin walls, and there are many of these capillaries.

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4
Q

Which components constitute the Upper respiratory tract? (4)

A
  • Right and left nasal cavities (nose)
  • Oral cavity (mouth)
  • Pharynx (throat)
  • Larynx (Voice box)
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5
Q

Which components constitute the lower respiratory tract? (6)

A
  • Trachea
  • Right and left main bronchus
  • Lobar bronchi
  • Segmental bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
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6
Q

What does the larynx become at the C6 vertebra?

A

Trachea

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7
Q

What does the pharynx become at the C6 vertebra?

A

Oesophagus

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8
Q

What is meant by bifurcation of the trachea?

A

Division into the 2 main bronchi.

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9
Q

How many bronchus serve each lung?

A

1

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10
Q

How many lobar bronchi are there in each lung?

A

5- One for each of the 5 lung lobes.

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11
Q

How many segmental bronchi are there in each lung?

A

10- One for each of the bronchopulmonary segments

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12
Q

Name the three lung lobes on the right lung.

A

Upper, middle, lower

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13
Q

Name the two lobes of the left lung.

A

Upper and lower

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14
Q

What is the function of the fissures of the lung?

A

To separate the lobes from each other.

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15
Q

What kind of cells line the bronchial tree? (except the distal bronchioles and alveoli)

A

Respiratory epithelium

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16
Q

Name the branches of the respiratory tree, from trachea to lung. (6)

A
  • Trachea
  • Main bronchus
  • Lobar bronchus
  • Segmental bronchus
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
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17
Q

What produces mucous onto the epithelial surfaces?

A

Mucous glands

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18
Q

What is the purpose of cilia?

A

They move (beat) mucous towards the pharynx to be swallowed. (Mucociliary escalator)

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19
Q

What is the function of the hyaline cartilage found supporting the walls of the trachea and bronchi?

A

Maintains patency of airways (Holds them open)

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20
Q

Which branches of the respiratory tree do no have cartilage?

A
  • The most distal bronchioles

- The alveoli

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21
Q

What feature of bronchioles allows them to constrict and dilate?

A

Smooth muscle in the walls.

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22
Q

Why do alveoli not contain any cartilage or smooth muscle?

A

This would impact on diffusion due to the thickness that the walls would have.

23
Q

Name the five main requirements for effective gas exchange in the lungs.

A
  • Sufficient functioning lung tissue
  • Sufficient O2 in the air we breathe in
  • No CO2 in the air we breathe in
  • Minimal thickness of alveoli walls.
  • Minimal tissue fluid in the tissue spaces around the alveolar capillaries.
24
Q

What causes asthma? (3)

A
  • Constriction of the bronchioles
  • Swelling of the mucosa lining of the respiratory tree
  • Overproduction of mucous
25
Q

What two factors cause complications in the respiratory tract?

A
  • Narrowing of the respiratory tract

- Foreign bodies being inhaled

26
Q

What is the nasal septum?

A

The wall that divides the nasal cavity into left and right.

27
Q

What two aspects are the nasal septum divided into?

A
  • Bony (posterior) part: The ethmoid bone superiorly and the vomer inferiorly
  • Cartilaginous (anterior) part: The septal cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
28
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

A flap of elastic cartilage tissue which acts as a switch to allow air to enter the trachea and food to enter the oesophagus.

29
Q

What are the four cartilages that make up the skeleton of the larynx?

A
  • Epiglottis
  • Thyroid cartilage
  • Cricoid cartilage
  • 2 Arytenoid cartilages (posteriorly)
30
Q

What are the functions of the larynx? (3)

A
  • Cartilages maintain patency of airways
  • Helps to prevent foreign bodies entering LRT
  • Produces sound via the vocal cords
31
Q

What is the rima glottidis?

A

The narrowest part of the larynx.

32
Q

What makes up the Glottis?

A

The rima glottidis and the vocal ligaments.

33
Q

What are the functions of the vocal ligaments?

A
  • Airway protection

- Voice production

34
Q

What feature of the vocal cords allow for airway protection?

A

-Approximation of the rima glottidis.

35
Q

Describe phonation.

A
  • Production of sound

- Air is expired across the vocal cords, the cords vibrate to produce sound

36
Q

Describe the aims of the Heimlich manoeuvre.

A
  • Raise abdominal pressure
  • Force the diaphragm superiorly
  • Raise pressure in the chest
  • Raise pressure in the lungs
  • Force air from the lungs into the trachea
  • Force air through the rima glottidis to expel foreign body.
37
Q

What effect does cooling and drying out of the airways have?

A

Damages mucociliary escalator and predisposes to infection.

38
Q

Which bones form the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

Inferior, middle and superior nasal conchae.

39
Q

What functions do the nasal conchae perform?

A

Increase surface are of lateral walls of nasal cavity

Produce turbulent flow bringing the air into contact with the walls.

40
Q

What feature of the respiratory tract provides warmth?

A

The very good arterial blood supply to the respiratory mucosa.

41
Q

What feature of the respiratory tract provides moisture?

A

The mucous produced by the respiratory mucosa.

42
Q

What is the function of the mucous?

A

Trap potentially infected particles

43
Q

What three parts is the pharynx divided up? (Superior to inferior)

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharnyx
44
Q

What is the normal route of air taken when breathing in? (reverse for breathing out) (6)

A
  • Nasal cavities
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
45
Q

Where are the tonsils located?

A

Within the mucosa lining the pharynx

46
Q

What is the function of tonsils?

A

To produce white blood cells in the defence against infection.

47
Q

Describe the makeup of the chest wall. (5)

A
  • Skin and fascia
  • Bones
  • Skeletal muscles
  • Diaphragm (internal chest wall)
  • Parietal pleura
48
Q

Name and describe the attachment of the ribs.

A
  • True ribs 1-6: Attach via costal cartilage to sternum
  • False ribs 7-10: Attach via costal cartilage to sternum above.
  • Floating ribs 11 & 12: No attachment to sternum
49
Q

What is the definition of the rib cage?

A

The 12 ribs, their costal cartilages, clavicles, sternum and thoracic vertebrae.

50
Q

Where is the costal groove of a rib?

A

Inferiorly on deep surface

51
Q

Where is the sternal angle?

A

At the level of rib 2

52
Q

There are 3 layers of skeletal muscles used for breathing. Name these.

A
  • External intercostal muscles
  • Internal intercostal muscles
  • Innermost intercostal muscles
53
Q

What is the parietal pleura?

A

The internal lining of the chest wall

Anatomy-Principals (7 decks)

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