Lecture 3: Which bones commonly fracture? Flashcards
What are the functions of bones? (5)
- Support the frame of the body
- Protect the internal organs
- Important in calcium metabolism
- Important in red blood cell formation
- Providing an anchoring point for skeletal muscles
What is “Endochondral ossification?”
The growth process of long bones, where an initial small hyaline cartilage version of a bone (epiphyseal growth plate) grows and then ossifies (turns into bone)
What is the epiphysis?
The end of a bone
What is the diaphysis?
The shaft of the bone
Name and describe the outer aspect of a bone.
Outer cortex, made of very dense, strong and heavy “cortical” bone.
Name and describe the inner aspect of a bone.
Inner medulla, made of much more porous, weak and spongy “trabeccular or cancellous” bone
Where is bone marrow stored and what is it’s function?
In the inner medulla of long bones, it is the site of red and white blood cell formation.
What is the periosteum?
A fibrous membrane of connective tissue that covers all bones (but does not cover articular surfaces).
Why is tearing of the periosteum so painful?
Due to the high number of sensory fibres the periosteum contains.
Describe the healing process of a bone.
Initial healing- A callus (Lump of bone) forms around the fracture site.
The callus remodels to reassume it’s normal shape.
What causes bony features?
When a skeletal muscle, tendon, another bone, blood vessel or nerve apply compressive or tensile force to a developing bone, moulding it’s shape to create a feature.
What is a tuberosity?
A large round protuberance on a bone
What is a foramen?
A hole through bone which allows nerves and blood vessels to pass through.
What causes a foramen to occur?
When an adjacent structure to the bone is growing at the same time, and the bone has to grow around the other structure
What is a fossa, and give an example?
- A depression or hollow in a bone
- Mandibular fossa
- Anterior, middle and superior cranial fossae.
Name the only bone in the body that has no articulations?
The hyoid bone
How are the bones of the skeleton divided?
Into the axial and appendicular skeletons.
Which bones make up the axial skeleton?
- Skull
- Bones of the neck (including the cervical vertebrae and the hyoid bone)
- Bones of the trunk (Chest, abdomen and back)
Which bones make up the appendicular skeleton?
- Pectoral girdle (attaches upper limbs to axial skeleton)
- Bones of the upper limbs
- Pelvic girdle (attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton)
- Bones of the lower limbs
Name the vertebrae along with how many of each there are. (top of spine to bottom)
- Cervical (C1-C7)
- Thoracic (T1-T12)
- Lumbar (L1-L5)
- Sacral (5 vertebrae, fused to form one sacrum)
- Coccygeal (4 vertebrae, fused to form one coccyx)
What is the alternative name of the C1 vertebra?
Atlas
What is the alternative name of the C2 vertebra?
Axis
Which bones make up the pectoral girdle?
The 2 scapulae and 2 clavicles.
Which bones make up the pelvic girdle?
The 2 hip bones and the sacrum.
Name the ribs, describe their attachment to the sternum and state how many of each there are.
- True ribs (pairs 1-6): attach via costal cartilage to the sternum
- False ribs (Pairs 7-10): Attch via costal cartilage to the sternum above
- Floating ribs (Pairs 11 & 12): No attachment to sternum.
Name the carpal bones of the hand. (8)
Scaphoid Lunate Triquetral Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate
Name the tarsal bones of the foot. (7)
Calcaneus Talus Navicular Cuboid Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform
Name and describe the sections of the upper limb. (3)
- Arm (Between shoulder and elbow joint)
- Forearm (Between elbow and wrist joint)
- Hand (Distal to the forearm)
Name and describe the sections of the lower limb. (3)
- Thigh (Between hip and knee joint)
- Leg (Between knee and ankle joint)
- Foot (Distal to the leg)
