Lecture 3: Which bones commonly fracture?

Question 1

What are the functions of bones? (5)

Answer 1

• Support the frame of the body
• Protect the internal organs
• Important in calcium metabolism
• Important in red blood cell formation
• Providing an anchoring point for skeletal muscles

Question 2

What is “Endochondral ossification?”

Answer 2

The growth process of long bones, where an initial small hyaline cartilage version of a bone (epiphyseal growth plate) grows and then ossifies (turns into bone)

Question 3

What is the epiphysis?

Answer 3

The end of a bone

Question 4

What is the diaphysis?

Answer 4

The shaft of the bone

Question 5

Name and describe the outer aspect of a bone.

Answer 5

Outer cortex, made of very dense, strong and heavy “cortical” bone.

Question 6

Name and describe the inner aspect of a bone.

Answer 6

Inner medulla, made of much more porous, weak and spongy “trabeccular or cancellous” bone

Question 7

Where is bone marrow stored and what is it’s function?

Answer 7

In the inner medulla of long bones, it is the site of red and white blood cell formation.

Question 8

What is the periosteum?

Answer 8

A fibrous membrane of connective tissue that covers all bones (but does not cover articular surfaces).

Question 9

Why is tearing of the periosteum so painful?

Answer 9

Due to the high number of sensory fibres the periosteum contains.

Question 10

Describe the healing process of a bone.

Answer 10

Initial healing- A callus (Lump of bone) forms around the fracture site.

The callus remodels to reassume it’s normal shape.

Question 11

What causes bony features?

Answer 11

When a skeletal muscle, tendon, another bone, blood vessel or nerve apply compressive or tensile force to a developing bone, moulding it’s shape to create a feature.

Question 12

What is a tuberosity?

Answer 12

A large round protuberance on a bone

Question 13

What is a foramen?

Answer 13

A hole through bone which allows nerves and blood vessels to pass through.

Question 14

What causes a foramen to occur?

Answer 14

When an adjacent structure to the bone is growing at the same time, and the bone has to grow around the other structure

Question 15

What is a fossa, and give an example?

Answer 15

• A depression or hollow in a bone
• Mandibular fossa
• Anterior, middle and superior cranial fossae.

Question 16

Name the only bone in the body that has no articulations?

Answer 16

The hyoid bone

Question 17

How are the bones of the skeleton divided?

Answer 17

Into the axial and appendicular skeletons.

Question 18

Which bones make up the axial skeleton?

Answer 18

• Skull
• Bones of the neck (including the cervical vertebrae and the hyoid bone)
• Bones of the trunk (Chest, abdomen and back)

Question 19

Which bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 19

• Pectoral girdle (attaches upper limbs to axial skeleton)
• Bones of the upper limbs
• Pelvic girdle (attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton)
• Bones of the lower limbs

Question 20

Name the vertebrae along with how many of each there are. (top of spine to bottom)

Answer 20

• Cervical (C1-C7)
• Thoracic (T1-T12)
• Lumbar (L1-L5)
• Sacral (5 vertebrae, fused to form one sacrum)
• Coccygeal (4 vertebrae, fused to form one coccyx)

Question 21

What is the alternative name of the C1 vertebra?

Answer 21

Atlas

Question 22

What is the alternative name of the C2 vertebra?

Answer 22

Axis

Question 23

Which bones make up the pectoral girdle?

Answer 23

The 2 scapulae and 2 clavicles.

Question 24

Which bones make up the pelvic girdle?

Answer 24

The 2 hip bones and the sacrum.

Question 25

Name the ribs, describe their attachment to the sternum and state how many of each there are.

Answer 25

• True ribs (pairs 1-6): attach via costal cartilage to the sternum
• False ribs (Pairs 7-10): Attch via costal cartilage to the sternum above
• Floating ribs (Pairs 11 & 12): No attachment to sternum.

Question 26

Name the carpal bones of the hand. (8)

Answer 26

Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetral
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate

Question 27

Name the tarsal bones of the foot. (7)

Answer 27

Calcaneus
Talus
Navicular
Cuboid
Medial cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Lateral cuneiform

Question 28

Name and describe the sections of the upper limb. (3)

Answer 28

• Arm (Between shoulder and elbow joint)
• Forearm (Between elbow and wrist joint)
• Hand (Distal to the forearm)

Question 29

Name and describe the sections of the lower limb. (3)

Answer 29

• Thigh (Between hip and knee joint)
• Leg (Between knee and ankle joint)
• Foot (Distal to the leg)