Lecture 6: Energy and Enzymes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is energy?

A

the capacity to do work
(exists in different forms; heat, light, electric, mechanical, chemical, nuclear)

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2
Q

Kinetic energy

A

The energy of motion, or the form of energy that is actually doing work

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3
Q

Potential energy

A

A form of stored energy, the capacity to preform work (ex. water behind a dam, fossil fuels)

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4
Q

Chemical energy

A

All chemical molecules store energy

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5
Q

Thermodynamics

A

the study of energy transformations that occur in a collection (thermodynamic system)

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6
Q

First law of Thermodynamics (the law of energy conservation)

A

The total amount of energy in the universe remains constant (energy can be changed from one form to another)

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7
Q

Second law of thermodynamics (the law of energy conservations)

A

reducing the order of the universe, increasing its entropy (randomness- the amount of disorder in a system)

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8
Q

Cellular metabolism

A

the sum of chemical activities within a living cell

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9
Q

Metabolic pathways

A

sequences of enzyme-catalyzed reactions (Anabolism and Catabolism)

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10
Q

Anabolism

A

refers to the various pathways in which complex molecules are synthesized from simple substrates

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11
Q

Catabolism

A

includes the pathways in which larger molecules are broken down in smaller ones

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12
Q

Chemical reaction

A

the change in the composition or distribution of atoms of a substance, involving the making and/or breaking of chemical bonds with consequent alterations in properties

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13
Q

Free energy

A

the amount of a systems energy that can preform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell

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14
Q

spontaneous reaction

A

a chemical reaction which will proceed on its own, without any outside influence

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15
Q

exergonic reaction

A

an energy-releasing chemical reaction yielding products that contain less potential energy than their reactants

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16
Q

endergonic reaction

A

an energy-requiring chemical reaction yielding products rich in potential energy

17
Q

energy coupling reaction

A

the use of energy released from exergonic reactions to drive essential endergonic reaction

18
Q

Energy of reaction

A

the amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start (represents the energy barrier)

19
Q

enzyme

A

a protein that serves as a biological catalyst

20
Q

Cofactor

A

these are inorganic ions such as iron, copper, or zinc that bind to certain enzymes

21
Q

coenzyme

A

small carbon-containing molecules such as coenzyme A (CoA), NAD, FAD, or ATP

22
Q

prosthetic group

A

these distinctive molecular groups are permanently bound to their enzymes such as heme or flavin

23
Q

ATP

A

(Adenosine 5’- triphosphate)
the energy currency/shuttle of the living cell

24
Q

structure of ATP

A

A nucleotide consisting of 3 parts:
- adenine
- ribose
- 3 phosphate groups

25
Q

function of ATP

A

hydrolysis of ATP- an exergonic reaction
ATP + H20 —-> ADP + Pi + TriangleG
ATP donates energy through the transfer of a phosphate group

26
Q

generation of ATP by 2 ways:

A

-substrate-level phosphorylation
- chemiosmosis

27
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

ATP synthesis driven by electron transfer to oxygen

28
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

ATP synthesis driven by light

29
Q

oxidation

A

the chemical process in which a substance loses electrons

30
Q

reduction

A

the complementary process to oxidation in which a substance gains electrons

31
Q

redox reactions

A

oxidation and reduction occurring together simultaneously

32
Q

[NAD^+ - NADP]

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

33
Q

[NADP^+ - NADPH]

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

34
Q

[FAD^+ - FADH2]

A

flavin adenine dinucleotide

35
Q

2 important structure (organelles) involved in cellular energy conversion

A

Chloroplast + mitochondrion