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BIO-120 > Lecture 2a-e: Cell Structure and Function > Flashcards

Lecture 2a-e: Cell Structure and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

Structures common to all living cells?

A
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Chromosomes
  • Ribosomes
  • Cytoskeleton
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2
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

A bilayer made of phosolipid molecules with embedded protein molecules

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3
Q

Semi-permeable membrane

A

Controls the flow of substances into and out of a cell

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4
Q

The lipid bilayer is a _________ ________ to water soluble substances

A

Hydrophobic barrier (selected ubstances can penetrate cell membranes through transport protein channels)

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Describes all material within a eukaryotic cell (between the plasma membrane and the central region)

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6
Q

The Central Region

A

Contains DNA molecules, which contain hereditory info (genes)

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7
Q

Cytosol

A

The aqueous portion of the cytoplasm in an intact cell (contains H2O, dissolved ions and various organic molecules

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8
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Maintains cell shape and plays key roles in cell division and chromosome segregation

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9
Q

Which cells are prokayotic?

A

Bacteria and Archea

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10
Q

Which cells are eukaryotic?

A

Animals, plants, fungi, and protists

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11
Q

3 most common shappes among prokaryotes:

A

Spherical, rodlike, and spiral

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12
Q

Glycocalyx

A

A rigid external cell wall coated with polysaccharides

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13
Q

Slime Layer

A

When the glycocalyx is loosely associated with the cells

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14
Q

Capsule

A

When the glycocalyx is firmly attached with the cells

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15
Q

Flagella

A

Long tail-like structure that helps may bacteria and archeans move around

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16
Q

Pili

A

Hair-like structures that attach the cell to surfaces or other cells

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17
Q

Organelles in animal cells, but not plant cells:

A
  • Lysosomes
  • Centrioles
  • Flagella (in some plant sperm)
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18
Q

Organelles in plant cells, but not animal cells:

A
  • Chloroplasts
  • Central vacuole and tonoplast
  • Cell wall
  • Plasmodesmata
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19
Q

Eukaryotic Cell: Nuclear envelope

A

Is made up of 2 lipid bilayer membranes that in eukaryotic cells surround the nucleus

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20
Q

Eukaryotic Cell: Nuclear pore

A

Is a protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

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21
Q

Eukaryotic Cell: Nucleolus

A

Is the distinct structure present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells (it mainly participates in the assembliing of the ribosomes)

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22
Q

Eukaryotic Cell: Chromatin

A

Is a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

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23
Q

Eukaryotic Cell: Nuclear Lamina

A

is a dense fibrillar network of intermediate filaments and membrane associated proteins located in the inner nuclear membrane

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24
Q

What structures are in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?

A
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Nuclear pore
  • Nucleolus
  • Chromatin
  • Nuclear lamin
25
Q

What are ribosomes comprised of?

A

Each ribosome is composed of 2 subunits, a large subunit and a small subunit

26
Q

Ribosomes serves as the site of _______ _______ via decoding the message and formation of peptide bonds

A

Protein Synthesis

27
Q

Components of the Endomembrane system:

A
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Vacuoles
  • Plasma membrane
28
Q

2 Types of ER:

A

Smooth ER (lacks ribosomes) and Rough ER (has ribosomes)

29
Q

Functions of the rough ER

A
  • Has bound ribosomes
  • involved in modification and folding of proteins
  • Manufactures membranes by producing membrane proteins and phosolipid molecules
  • Is a membrane factory
30
Q

Function of the Smooth ER:

A
  • Synthesises lipids
  • Regulates carbohydrate metabolism in some cells
  • Stores calcium
  • Detoxifies toxins and drugs
31
Q

Functions of the Golgi apparatus:

A
  • Modifies products of the ER
  • Manufactures certain macromolecules
  • Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
32
Q

Lysosome

A

A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes (can hydrolyze polysaccharides, and nucleic acids)

33
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Is the cellular process by which a cell uses its PM to engulf a large particle, giving rise to an internal compartment (Phagosome)

34
Q

Autophagy

A

The concerved degradation of the cell that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional components through a lysosome-dependant regulated mechanism

35
Q

Vesicle

A

A structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a membrane layer

36
Q

How are food vacuoles formed?

A

Phagocytosis

37
Q

Mitochondria are the sites of ________ _________?

A

Cellular Respiration

38
Q

Chloroplasts (found in plants and algae) are the sites of _________?

A

Photosynthesis

39
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Are oxidative organelles

40
Q

The inner membrane in the mitochondria creates which 2 compartments?:

A

Intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix

41
Q

Choloplast structure includes:

A
  • Outer and inner membrane
  • Thylakoids
  • Thylakoid membranous sacs
  • Stroma, the internal fliud
42
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane (they produce hydrogen peroxide)

43
Q

3 Structures that the cytoskeleton is composed of:

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate FIlaments

44
Q

Roles of the Cytoskeleton

A
  • helps support the cell and maintain its shape
  • Produce motility
  • help regulate biochemical activities
45
Q

Functions of Microtubules:

A
  • shaping the cell
  • guiding movement of organelles
  • separating chromosomes during cell division
  • Making up the internal structure of cilia and flagella
46
Q

Centrosome

A

“microtubule-organising center”
The centrosome has a pair of centrioles, each with 9 triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring

47
Q

Cilia

A

A membrane-bound organelle found on most parts of eukaryotic cell; it has he sape of a slender threadlike projection that extends from the surface of the much larger cell body

48
Q

Flagella

A

Found on sperm cells of eukaryotes and many protozoans have a similar structure to motile cilia that enables swimming through liquids

49
Q

Functions of Microfilaments:

A
  • Actin works with another protein called myosin to regulate muscl movements, cell divison, cell tension, cytoplasmic streaming, etc
  • Support the cell’s shape and keep organelles in place
50
Q

Extracellular Components (Structures) and Connections between cells:

A
  • Cell walls of plants
  • The extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells
  • Intercellular juctions
51
Q

Plant cell walls may have multiple layers such as:

A
  • Primary Cell wall: relatively thin and flexible
  • Middle lamella: Thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells
  • Secondary cell wall ( in some cells): added between the plasma membrane and the primary cell call
52
Q

The Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A

It is made up of gycoproteins and other macromolecules

53
Q

Functions of the Extracellular Matrix (ECM):

A
  • Support
  • Adhesion
  • Movement
  • Regulation
54
Q

Intercellular Juctions

A

Neighboring cells in tissues, organs, or organ systems often adhere, interact, and communicate through direct physical contact
plasmodesmata arre junctions between plant cells, whereas animal cell contacts include tght junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes

55
Q

Plasmodesmata (PD)

A

Are membrane-lined pores that connect adjacent cells to mediate symplastic communication in plants (facilitate transport of small mmolecules)

56
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

57
Q

Desmosomes (anchoring juctions)

A

Fasten cells together into strong sheets

58
Q

Gap Juctions (communicating Junctions)

A

Provide cytoplasmic channels

BIO-120 (12 decks)

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