lecture 6- disorders

Question 1

Disorders affecting the oral cavity and swallowing

Answer 1

Xerostomia and Dysohagia

Question 2

Two reflexes that lead to an increase of salivation

Answer 2

Conditioned reflex and Simple reflex

Question 3

Xerostomia (oral- dry mouth) causes-

Answer 3

caused by anxiety, Sjogren’s syndrome, damage to salivary glands, cancer treatment, dehydration, medications (can be treated)

Question 4

Dysophagia (swallowing)

Answer 4

reduced laryngeal closure> aspiration. disruption in the swallowing process, problem can occur at any 3 stages of swallowing.

Question 5

Neuorological conditions and dysphagia

Answer 5

stroke (most common) traumatic brain injury, cerebral palsy, Parkinson disease and other degenerative neurological disorders

Question 6

disorders affecting the oesophagus and stomach

Answer 6

reflux (heartburn), peptic ulcers, gastritis

Question 7

Upper sphincter

Answer 7

neurally induced tonic contraction= Pharyngo-oesophageal keeps air out

Question 8

Lower sphincter

Answer 8

myogenic activity= Gastro-esophageal keeps out stomach contents

Question 9

Primary peristalsis

Answer 9

preceded by pharyngeal phase, controlled by the swallowing centre and vagus

Question 10

Secondary peristalsis

Answer 10

If food is stuck, pressure receptors trigger intrinsic nerve plexus leading to a stronger force (not sensed)

Question 11

how does reflux oesophagi tis (heartburn) occur?

Answer 11

inflamed oesophagus, acid reflux, relaxed lower oesophageal sphincter

Question 12

Exocrine secretions

Answer 12

Parietal cells: HCI, intrinsic factor, Chief cells: pepsinogen, Mucous cells: mucus

Question 13

Endocrine/paracrine secretions

Answer 13

G cells: gastrin, D cells: somatostatin, ECL cells: histamine

Question 14

Helicobacter pylori

Answer 14

reside in mucus layer, settle in antrum, produce urease

Question 15

H. Pylori contribute to peptic ulcer formation by:

Answer 15

secreting toxins that cause persistent inflammation (gastritis) at the site of infection. Disrupting the tight junctions between epithelial cells, allowing acid to penetrate

Question 16

Disorders affecting the biliary system

Answer 16

Biliary obstruction

Question 17

biliary system

Answer 17

made up of the liver and gall bladder. liver produces bile which is released into small intestine during meals

Question 18

Terminal ileum

Answer 18

95% of bile salts are reabsorbed by terminal ileum

Question 19

Biliary obstruction

Answer 19

blockage of any duct that carries bile from liver or gallbladder to S.I. most common cause is choleliths (gallstones)

Question 20

Disorders affecting the S.I

Answer 20

Gluten intolerance (Celiac disease)

Question 21

Celiac disease

Answer 21

T-cell mediated inflammatory response upon ingestion of gluten causing destruction of villi. If villi and microvilli are damaged> decreased surface area of S.I > indiscriminate impairment of nutrient absorption

Question 22

Disorders affecting the L.I (also known as Colon)

Answer 22

Inflammatory bowel disease

Question 23

L.I mixing=

Answer 23

haustral contractions, controlled by ICCs and locally mediated reflexes in response to distension

Question 24

L.I propulsion=

Answer 24

mass movements, controlled by the gastrocolic reflex (food in stomach releases gastrin)

Question 25

Rectal distension> defecation reflex

Answer 25

internal sphincter relaxes, sensation of urge, voluntary relaxation of external sphincter

Question 26

Absorption and secretion

Answer 26

Imbalance between secretion and absorption leads to diarrhoea or constipation (because of altered motility, infection, osmotic drag, or L.i inflammation)

Question 27

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)

Answer 27

Ulcerative colitis