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The Digestive System > lecture 3- pancreas and liver > Flashcards

lecture 3- pancreas and liver Flashcards

1
Q

Pancreas location

A

elongated gland lying below and behind stomach,

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2
Q

Pancreas info

A

mixed gland (contains both exocrine and endocrine tissue), acinar and duct cells predominant, isolated islands of endocrine cells

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3
Q

Pancreas secretions

A

endocrine and exocrine tissues. endocrine cells release glucagon and insulin to control blood sugar

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4
Q

exocrine secretions

A

releases 1-2L of pancreatic juices per day

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5
Q

Duct cells

A

sodium bicarbonate rich

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6
Q

Pancreatic enzymes (acinar cells)

A

Proteolytic enzymes, Pancreatic Amylase, Pancreatic Lipase

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7
Q

Proteolytic enzymes

A

Protein digestion

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8
Q

Pancreatic Amylase

A

Carb digestion

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9
Q

Pancreatic Lipase

A

Fat digestion

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10
Q

3 major pancreatic proteases

A

trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase

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11
Q

protective mechanisms of pancreas

A

enzymes stored and released in inactive form, trypsinogen is activated to trypsin by enterokinase in duodenum, pancreas produces trypsin inhibitor, duodenum secretes mucus from epithelium wall

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12
Q

Pancreatic amylase

A

hydrolyses polysaccharides into disaccharide (maltose). Ir can be secreted in active form as secretory cells do not contain polysaccharides

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13
Q

Pancreatic lipase

A

hydrolyses TAG into monoglycerides and free fatty acids. Secreted in active form as TAG not structural component of pancreatic cells.

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14
Q

Steatorrhoea

A

excess fat in faeces

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15
Q

Alkaline Solution

A

is the largest component of pancreatic juice, neutralises chyme, duct cells

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16
Q

Pancreatic exocrine secretion is regulated by

A

hormones

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17
Q

Acidic chyme in duodenal lumen activates releases what from the duodenal mucosa?

A

Secretin which is carried by blood and ends in pancreatic duct cells and neutralises

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18
Q

fats and protein products in duodenal lumen releases what from the duodenal mucosa?

A

CCK which is carried by blood to pancreatic acinar cells and digests

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19
Q

Liver function

A

secretion of bile salts (digestive role)

20
Q

Hepatocytes receive blood from 2 sources

A

arterial blood from aorta and venous blood from digestive tract

21
Q

Bile consits of:

A

bile salts, cholesterol, lecithin (phospholipid), bilirubin (waste product from old red blood cells), aqueous alkaline fluid

22
Q

Gallbladder

A

storage of bile between meals

23
Q

what are gallstones (choleliths)?

A

crystalline bodies that have precipitated from components of bile

24
Q

How do bile salts facilitate fat digestion and absorption?

A

Emulsification (digestion- detergent action) and Micelles (absorption of fat)

25
Q

Micelles

A

cholesterol is dissolved in michelles core, amount that is carried depends on amount of bile salts and lecithin. If cholesterol secretion is out of proportion microcrystals form.

26
Q

Treatment of cholesterol gallstones involves-

A

ingestion of bile salts> increase bile salt pool> dissolve cholesterol

27
Q

regulation of bile secretion- chemical

A

bile salts stimulate their own secretion when returned to the liver during meal digestion

28
Q

regulation of bile secretion- hormonal

A

secretin stimulates an aqueous NaHCO3 bile secretion to neutralise chyme

29
Q

regulation of bile secretion- vagal

A

stimulation of liver to increase bile flow during cephalic phase plays a minor role

30
Q

During digestion

A

fats and proteins products in the duodenum stimulate the release of CCK. CCK stimulates contraction of the gallbladder and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi, releasing bile into the duodenum, fat digestion/absorption

31
Q

Bilirubin

A

2nd major component of bile- a waste product excreted in bile. derived from degradation of the heme (iron-containing) part of the haemoglobin in red blood cells

32
Q

Bilirubin facts

A

is a yellow pigment, makes bile yellow, in the intestines it is modified by bacterial enzymes to make feaces brown, makes urine yellow. patients with jaundice have a yellow colour (eyes)

33
Q

Hepatitis

A

inflammatory disease of the liver, multiples causes- viral, obesity, toxic agents, prolonged inflammation associated with alcoholism leads to cirrhosis and eventually leads to liver failure

34
Q

The pancreatic duct cells secrete aqueous alkaline solution in response to what main stimulus in the duodenum?

A

acid

35
Q

Autocatalysis is a process whereby the active digestive enzyme in the lumen converts the inactive proenzyme to the active form. Which enzymes undergo this process?

A

trysinogen and pepsinogen

36
Q

The liver is an accessory digestive organ and the largest metabolic organ in the body. What is its primary digestive role?

A

secretion of bile salts

37
Q

Between meals, bile secreted by the liver hits the closed Sphincter of Oddi and gets diverted back up the common bile duct to the gallbladder. What happens when it gets there?

A

stored until the next meal and concentrated by actively removing salt

38
Q

Micelles are vital for absorption of the end products of fat digestion, monoglycerides and FFA. In the hydrophobic core of the micelles you will also find:

A

cholesterol, lipid soluble portion of bile salts, lecithin and vitamins

39
Q

Exocrine cells

A

mucous, chief cells, parietal cells

40
Q

Endocrine cells

A

ECI cells, G cells, D cells

41
Q

Mucous (product, stimuli, function)

A

Alkaline mucous. Mechanical stimulation by contents. Protects against mechanical pepsin and acid injury

42
Q

Chief cells (product, stimuli, function)

A

Pepsinogen gastric lipase. Acetylcholine (Ach), gastrin. Protein digestion (when activated) Fat digestion (small amount)

43
Q

Parietal cells (product, stimuli, function)

A

Hydrochloric acid (HCI) and intrinsic factor. Ach and gastrin histamine. Activates pepsinogen, breaks down CT, denatures proteins, kills microorganisms, facilitates absorption of Vit B12

44
Q

ECI (product, stimuli, function)

A

Histamine. Ach, gastrin. Stimulates parietal cells

45
Q

G cells (product, stimuli, function)

A

Gastrin. Protein products Ach. stimulates chief and ECI cells

46
Q

D cells (product, stimuli, function)

A

Somatostatin. Acid. Inhibits parietal, G and ECI cells

The Digestive System (7 decks)

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