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Medical Microbiology > Lecture 6: Diseases of Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Diseases of Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Structure of CV system

A

composed of

1) pulmonary circulation
2) systemic circulation

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2
Q

Pericardium

A

fibrous covering of heart

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3
Q

endocardium

A

innermost layer of heart, most susceptible for microbial infection

*blood supposed to be sterile with no microbiota

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4
Q

lymphatic system function

A

absorbs, transports, filsters lymph and initiates immune response

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5
Q

lymphatic system points(2)

A
  1. 4L fluid a day leaks from capillaries into tissue and is reabsorbed by lymph system
    - filtrate can contain pathogens which are screened by immune cells
    - immune cells in nodes, tonsils, spleen, adenoids
    - removal of lymph nodes causes backup and accumulation of fluid in tissues
  2. fluid eventually drains back into blood
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6
Q

Speticemia

A

bacterial infection of bloodstream, systemic infection

-more bacteria in blood stream than can be *effectively removed by WBS

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7
Q

lymphangitis

A

infection of lymphatic system

-lymphangitis vessel infection can cause an inflammation seen as a red streak on skin

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8
Q

Sepsis/septic shock

A

can trigger state of pysiological collapse, sudden drop in blood pressure and physiological collapse due to multiple organ failure

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9
Q

Bacteremia

A

bacteria in bloodstream

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10
Q

Septicemia clinical signs (4)

proceeded by?
risk factor?
sx (3)
Septic shock 
Most common cause (pathogen)?
A
  1. Often secondary infection preceded by respiratory or urinary tract infections
  2. sx on infected tissue can introduce microbes into bloostream
  3. change in mental status, SBP < 100 (spontaneous bacterial peritonitis), RR >22 (respiratory rate)
  4. Septic shock: medication to maintain SBP > 65, high lactic acid

**most commonly causes by gram + species

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11
Q

Chain of events leading to sepsis and septic shock

A
  1. localized infection
  2. Septicemia
  3. endo/exo toxin accumulation
  4. blood clotting, tissue damage, hemorrhage-> death
  5. complement activation, lung damage, rapid breathing ->death
  6. macrophage and circulating leukocytes instate inflammatory cascade -> fever, increased heart rate, vasodilation.
    - septic shock -> death
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12
Q

infective endocarditis

3 types

A
  1. affects endocardium and heart valves

A. acute
B. subacute
C. prosthetic valve disease

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13
Q

acute endocarditis

5 common pathogens
4 common symptoms
can cause what?

A

5 common pathogens

  1. Staph aureus
  2. streptococcus pneumonia
  3. neisseria gonorhheae
  4. streptococcus progenies
  5. enterococcus faecalis

4 common sx

  1. high fever
  2. fast heart rate
  3. fatigue
  4. signs of infections at other sites

can cause heart failures

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14
Q

Subacute endocarditis

definiton
2 pathogen

A

underlying heart vale disease

streptococcus, haemophilus

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15
Q

Prosthetic endocarditis

A
  1. acute or subacute onsent

2. sugery

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16
Q

Peuperal fever

2 pathogens
can develop into..?

A

childbed fever caused by

  1. streptococcus pyogenies
  2. streptococcus agalactiae

can develop in puerperal sepsis
-infective condition in mother following childbirth, can be fatal

*strep affected CV system

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17
Q

Neonatal spesis

caused by 2 pathogens

A

caused by

  1. streptococcus agalactiae
  2. E. coli

*strep affected CV infections

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18
Q

Rhuematic Fever

A

streptococcus pyogenes

-inflammatory response to throat infection and primarily affects joint and heart

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19
Q

Schistosomiasis

cause
damage to (3) organs
A

causes by several species of blood flukes (phylum schistosoma)

eggs can cause damage in liver, intestines, bladder

*worms causing schistosomiasis not found in U.S.

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20
Q

Trematode S. mansoni life cycle

A
  1. miracida in snails convert to cercariae, leave snail and attach to human skin
  2. infect the blood and mature, caring fever and chills
  3. major effects are due to eggs in the liver or blaster. Substantial tissue damage
  4. egg infection in bladder causes urine pain and bloody urine
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21
Q

Schistoma in US

A

causes minor infection, swimmer’s itch

-mild since immune system eliminated before they get into blood.

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22
Q

Lymphatic Filariasis

pathogen
transmisstion
MOA

A

causes by wuchereria bancrofti- filarial nematode

-transmitted by mosquitos
-larvae infect lymphatic system and damage vessels and glands
-after years of infestation, arms legs, and scrotum swell and distort
AKA: elephantiasis, lymphedema

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23
Q

Black death (3 facts, incl. organism)

A

black plaque

  1. 14th c. europe
  2. millions dies
  3. caused by yersinia pests, organism found on rats and their fleas
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24
Q

Yersinia Pestis

  1. characteristics/staining
  2. transmission
A

causes black plaque

  1. facultative, gram negative rod.
  2. stains heavily at pole of cell (bi polar staining)
  3. transmitted between hosts by oriental rat flea
  4. picked up from rodents by flea
  5. biofilm formed in flea gut
  6. flea starved and tried to bite human, transmitting infection
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25
Q

3 forms of plague

A
  1. bubonic
  2. Septicemic
  3. Pnuemonic
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26
Q

Bubonic plague

  1. pathogenesis
  2. complications
  3. transmission
A
  1. bacteria localize in lymph nodes, hemorrhaging can occur
  2. causes painful and substantial swelling (buboes)
    - dark splotches on skin from bleeding “black death”
    - 60 % mortality if untreated
  3. transmitted through bite if infected flea or exposure to infected material through a break in the skin
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27
Q

Septicemic plague

  1. pathogeneis
  2. sx (3)
  3. complication
A
  1. bacilli spread to bloodstream
  2. high fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain
  3. can lead to meningitis and nearly 100% fatal if untreated
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28
Q

Pneumonic plague

A

transmitted from person to person

buboes not present

29
Q

Tularemia

cause
transmission (2)
sx
tx

A

“rabbit fever”

caused by francisella tularensis
-common in rabbits, rodents and animals

t: via arthropod bite (ticks) or inhalation

sx from bite: swollen glands, flu-like symptoms, skin ulceration

sx from inhalation: respiratory disease, swollen nodes, coughing, pain under breastbone, not communicable among humans

tx: streptomycin or oral cirpoflaxacin or DCN

30
Q

Lyme Disease overview

cause
characteristics pathogen
4 sx

A

-major emerging infectious disease in US

  • caused by borrelia burdgorferi
  • gram-negative spirochete
  • usually transmitted by ticks
  • sx: fever, HA, fatigue, erythema migrans rash
31
Q

3 stages lyme disese

A
  1. early, localized stage
  2. early disseminated stage
  3. late stage
32
Q

early stage lyme disease

sx
tx

A
  1. involves slow expanding red rash: erythema migrans at bite site
    - bulls-eye rash
  2. rash acompanied by flu like symptoms
    tx: 10 days DCN
33
Q

early disseminated stage of lyme disease

sx
tx

A
  • weeks to months later
    1. bacteria disseminate to skin, heart, nervous system
    tx: 10 days DCN
34
Q

late stage lyme disease

sx
tx

A
  • months to years later
    1. chronic arthritis, swelling in larger joins
    tx: 28 days DCN
35
Q

Endemic relapsing fever

2 pathogens causing

A

caused by borrelia hermisii and borrelia turcatae

-transmitted by ticks and rodents

36
Q

louseborne (epidemic) relapsing fever

cause
sx
tx (2 kinds)

A

caused by borrelia recurrentis carried by body lice

  • chills, fever, HA peak with high numbers of microorganisms in bloos
  • tx w/o CNS involvement: DCN
  • tx w/ cns involvement: penicillin or ceftrioxone
37
Q

Rickettsial infections

transmission
diseases assoc. (2)

A
  1. transmitted by arthropods (ticks, lice, fleas)
    - usually hard ticks/dog ticks
    - painless bite
    - 8-10 hrs for tick to transmit infection to host
  2. Diseases Associated
    A. rocky mountain spotted fever (RMSF)
    B. spotted fever rickettsiosis (SFR)
38
Q

Rickettsisae

A
  1. small, gram (-) obligate intracellular parasites
39
Q

Rickettsial infections

sx
tx

A
  1. classic sx: fever, HA, skin rash reflecting damage to small blood vessles
    - malaise, myalgias, arthralgia,
  2. the rash progresses to a macropapular rash in 90% patents
    - begins in palm and soles of feet and spreads to trunk

tx: DCN

40
Q

Ehrlichial infection

  1. sx
  2. complications
  3. tx
A

sx: similar to lyme disease, come and go more quickly
c: cause leukopenia (decreased WBC) which leads to susceptibility fo other infections

lives in leukocytes (monocytes)

tx: DCN

41
Q

Human monocytes ehrlichiosis (HME)

cause by what pathogen
transmission
clinical presentation (4)
tx

A

caused by Ehrlichia Cheaffeensis
-transmitted by lone star tick

clinical presentation: acute febrile illness, myalgia, arthralgias, sometimes 1/3 cases result in maculopapuler rash

-sometimes confused with rocky mountain spotted fever

Drug of choice: DCN

42
Q

Human Granulytic Anaplasmosios (HGA)

cause
infects what cells
transmitted 
sx
dx
tx
A

c: anaplasma phagocytophilum
g(-) bacterium

i: leukocytes- neutrophils
t: backlogged tick (same one that transmits lyme disease)
sx: similar to HME, rash is rare
dx: antibody tests distinguish from RMSF and ehrlichiosis
tx: DCN

43
Q

Brucellosis

caused by what pathogens
characteristic of pathogen

A

serous systemic disease

p: brucella species
rx: affects people who work with large, ruminant animals

C; gram negative rod, b. abortus

44
Q

Brucellosis

transmission
incubation
MOA
tx

A

t: infection can occur through eyes, abrasion, or consumption of contaminated dairy
i: 2-10 week incubation

bacteria transported to spleen, and lymph glands upon infection, causing flu-like symptoms
-chronic infection in one organ or systemically

tx: DCN 6 weeks, gentamicin 7-10 days

45
Q

Infectious mononucleosis

pathogen
affects what organs
transmisstion
sx: special populations?

A
  1. systemic viral disease

c: epstein-barr virus
- member herpesviridae

a; affects b lymphocyte in lymph nodes and spleen

t: spread yay contact with saliva, kissing disease
- children don’t show symptoms
- adolescents or young adults who are infected may develop more severe symptoms that include fever, sore throat and enlarged nodes

46
Q

EBV complications (6)

A
  1. heart problems (myocarditis)
  2. facial paralysis (guillan-barre)
  3. rupture of spleen
  4. Janice (hepatitis)
  5. Burkitt lymphona, tumor of the jaw prevalent in africa
    - malaria parasite might help stimulate tumor development
  6. t-cell malignancies, b-cell carcinoma, hodgkin disease, M.S.
47
Q

aftermath EBV

dx:
vax,tv?

A

indefinite carrier once infected

dx: elevated lymphocyte levels
- presence of downy cells (damaged b cells)

  • ab detected via mono spot test
  • novax or tx
48
Q

Burtkitt lymphoma

A

tumor of jaw, prevalent in africa

-malaria parasite might help stimulate

49
Q

Cytomegalovirus overview (4 pts.)

A
  1. can produce serious birth defects
  2. largest member herpesviridae
  3. produces infectious mononucleosis-like sx
  4. can pass to fetus to cause mental impairment
50
Q

CMV

A

member of TORCH microbes that cross placenta to cause severe congenital defects

51
Q

TORCH

A

microbes that cross placenta to cause severe birth defects

52
Q

TORCH pathogens

A
  1. Toxoplasma
  2. Rubells
  3. Cytomeglavirus
  4. Herpes simplex II
  5. Other- coxsackievirus, syphillis, varicella zoster virus, HIV, parvovirus, B 19 and lsiteria
53
Q

Flavivirus

causes what disease
transmission

A
  1. also calles arboviruses
    - arhtropodborne
  2. yellow fever 1st human disease assoc. with virus

t: person to person via mosquitoes
- can also infect non human primates

*severe hemorrhagic ilness

54
Q

Yellow fever

sx
prevention

A

sx: abrupt HA, fever, muscle pain
* most patients recover after symptoms abate in 3-5 days

lines can re-appear as: nausea, hiccups, black vomit, jaundice, derlium, hemorrhaging of gums/mouth/nose, 50% of patients enter a coma and die from internal hemmorghaging

*2 vaccines, no therapuetic drugs

55
Q

Dengue virus Overview (4)

A

Dengue fever occurs in 4 types

  1. serotypes: DEN-1 -> DEN-4
  2. recovery from one types does not confer immunity to others
  3. transmitted by 2 species of mosquitos
  4. 2.5% mortality, 20% if left untreated
56
Q

Dengue fever

sx
complications

A

sx; high fever, HA, prostration, muscle pain, maculopapular rash, scar pains and sensations

c: unusual, unless of the the 3 other types enter body later
- hemmorrhagic fever: rash from skin hemorrhages appear-> severe vomiting,sschok, decreases BP

57
Q

Lassa fever

where does it occur in world

transmission

sx
tx

A
  1. occurs in w. Africa
    t: rodents that cary- humans in contact with urine or droppings

sx: fever, exhaustion, patchy blood-filled lesions on throat
*fever can last weeks
-internal hemorrhaging common
-
tx: ribarvirin effective

58
Q

Ebola hemorrhaic fever (EHS)

reservoir
transmission
MOA
sx

A

filoviridiae family member

50-90% mortality

  • zoonitc, fruit bats possible recevoir
    t: with contact of blood or secretions from infected person or contaminated objects

M: damages endothelial cells, causing massive internal bleeding and hemorrhaging

sx: fever, HA, joint/muscle pain, weakness, n/v/d, sometimes visible bleeding but can be internal

59
Q

CV effects COVID-19

A
  1. ind. w pre-excisting CV disease at increased with for morbid and mortal complications due to COVID-19
    - hypertension and coronary artery disease
  2. clinical: asymptomatic heart disease, ECG, imaging or lab findings, myocardial infarction, heart failure, pulmonary or venous clot (thromboembolismO
60
Q

Systemic protozoal Disease

what parasite
causes what diseases
speciel population

A
  1. plasmodium parasite infects blood

malaria affects 300-500 people

  • trans. by infected mosquitoes
  • control mosquito population can help

children most susceptible

61
Q

4 species plasmodium that cause malaria

A
  1. p. vivax
  2. p. ovale
  3. p. malariae
  4. p. falciparum
62
Q

pathogenesis malaria

A
  1. enter host
  2. go to liver, undergo transformation into merozoites
  3. merozites from to RBCs
  4. thousands RBCs disrupted, merozoites emerge causing cycles of fevers and chills. some merozoites eventually develop into gametocytes that continue in cycle
  5. anopheles mosquito bites infected individual and aq. plasmodium
63
Q

Malaria complications

tx

A

RBC become infected and lyse, producing more parasites and toxins.

death can occur due to lack of RBCs or clustering in small vessel, causing clots

tx: chloroquin or artemisinin-based (if resistant)

64
Q

Babesiosis

contracted where in world
transmission
complications in host

A

parasitic diseases contracted in northeaster US

  1. malaria-like disease
  2. caused by babes microti
  3. transmitted by ticks

parasite invades RBC:
-anemia, HA, meningitis

65
Q

Tyrpanosomiasis

what 2 diseases?
transmission?
moa?

A

name for diseases caused by tyrypanosoma

  1. african sleeping sickness
  2. Chagas disease
    - caused by t. Cruzi
    - transmitted by reduviid bug (insecT)
    - infected feces contaminate and tier sites where buds bite host
    - 20-30% individuals develop chronic disease that develops 10-3 years after infection
    - damaes intestinal tract, cardia nerves (sudden heart failure)
66
Q

Epidemic Typhus

pathogen
transmission
sx

A

caused by rickettsia prowazekii

t: feces of body lice (not head lice) that flourish when sanitation and hygiene is poor

sx: maculopapular rash starts on trunk and progresses to extremities
- high fever, hallucinations, delerium
- permamnet damage to blood vessels, heart, kidney, lungs

67
Q

Brill-Zinsser disease

A

appears to be a relapse of epidemic typhus

68
Q

Endemic typhus

pathogen
transmission
sx

A

(mexican typhus, murine typhus)

cause by rickettsia typhus

  • carried by oriental rat fleas
    sx: fever, HA, maculopapular rash spreading from trunks to limbs
69
Q

SBP

A

Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis

infection of ascitic fluid in the absence of any intra-abdominal, surgically treatable source of infection

Medical Microbiology (11 decks)

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