Lecture 1: Learning outcomes (rough study guide)

Question 1

list reasons to study and prevent infectious disease

Answer 1

15 million people a year die from them, to prepare for epidemics/pandemics, to keep healthcare moving forward towards benevolence toward patients

Question 2

Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Answer 2

prokaryotes do not have membrane-bound organelles or a membrane-bound nucleus. they do not have proteins on their cell wall. they reproduce primarily through binary fission

eukaryotes have organlles and a membrane bound nucleus, have proteins in cell wall

Eukary=mansion
Prokary=studio apartment

Question 3

Classify names of bacteria in terms of gram +,-, or atypical

Answer 3

Positive= cocci, cillus

Negative= anything that doesn’t end in coccus/bacilis -ides RODS

atypical: Chlamydia, Legionella, Mycoplasma (CLaM)

Question 4

list basic features of viruses (4)

Answer 4

• do not have cells
• have DNA and RNA
• have a capsid (protein coat)
• obligate parasite

ex) HIV, COVID, influenza

Question 5

List basic features of fungi

Answer 5

can cause disease, can also produce antibiotics

ex) candida albicans, aspergillus fimigatus, blastomyces

Question 6

Explain Host-microbe relationshp

Answer 6

Mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

Question 7

Explain Microbiota and immune system

Answer 7

Microbiota is a persons own unique colony of microbes that live on and within them

microbiota benefits the host my maintaining homestasis rhough competition of microbes (ensure one doesnt run rampant and cause dsease) it also improves the immune systme by helping expose the body to pathogens and creating antibodies

Question 8

Define Pathogenicity

Answer 8

the ability of liklihood that a pathogen will cause disease

Question 9

Compare Pathogenicity vs. virulence

Answer 9

Patho= qualitative, likelihood disease will occur

Virulence= quantitive, factor determining how intense ilness will be

Question 10

Describe Course of disease- flu (5)

Answer 10

1) incubation period: pathogen enters body and replicates
2) prodromal period: slight symptoms ex) mild headache
3) acute period: illness at its peak sydrome of signs (feeling unwell) and symptoms (fever)
4) period of decline-symptoms subside
5) covalescense- back to nomral health

Question 11

Explain Portals of entry (5)

Answer 11

1) repiratory- breathing in pathogen
2) genitoural- sexually transmitted
3) gastrointestina;-fecal oral
4) parenteral- cuts in skin and bites
5) transloaton-moves from one site to another

Question 12

know concepts ofLD50

Answer 12

lethal dose, dose that can kill half of population

*low LD50 = HIGH virulence

Question 13

know concepts of ID50

Answer 13

Infectious dose

dose to infect and cause disease in half population

Question 14

Define sepsis and the chain of events leading to sepsis and septic shock

Answer 14

1. sepsis happens when the body is trying to fight off infection so bad that the immune system begins fighting organs

Question 15

Define invasiveness

Answer 15

ability of microbe to invade host cells and create disease

Question 16

Pathogen Virulence factors (5)

Answer 16

toxins, surface coats, surface receptors, ezymes, biofims

Question 17

antitoxins

Answer 17

bodies defense to nerutalize toxins

Question 18

toxoids

Answer 18

inactive toxin that wont cause disease but can cause immune response

Question 19

endotoxins

Answer 19

in gram - peptidoglycan cell wall

cause blood coagulation

Question 20

exotoxin

Answer 20

matabolite of pathogenic cell releases upon lysis

Question 21

Resevoirs

Answer 21

human, non human animal, non living (soil)

-location where microbe finds in can survive, multiplication, and transmission

Question 22

Modes of disease transmisstion

Answer 22

Direct- horizontal (human-huma), vertical (mother-fetus)

indirect= fomite, vehicle (food, water, aerosol), or vector (mechanical or biological)

Question 23

Endemic vs. epi vs. pan

Answer 23

end- disease habitually present at certain levels in geographical area

epi- increase/outbreak in area (city/state)

pan- worldwide

Question 24

HAI

Answer 24

infection acquired in healthcare settings (hospital -nocosomal, long term care facilities, siaysis, amgulatory, etc)

account for 1.7 million infections

1 in 20 pts. recevieing medical care will contract once

important facilities follwo DCD guidelines to limit ammount of HAIs

Question 25

describe portals of exit using examples (6)

Answer 25

1. coughing/ sneezing
2. open lesion
3. urine
4. removal of blood
5. insect bite
6. feces

*must leave host to spread disease