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Medical Microbiology > Lecture 1: Infection and Disease > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Infection and Disease Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microbiota

A

personal unique mix of bacterial species colonize: nose mouth, eye, upper resp. tracts, intestine and urogenital, and skin.

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2
Q

Deaths from infectious disease per year

A

15 million

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3
Q

one pathogen can… (3)

A

…cause more than one disease
-new diseases coming. old diseases re-emerging
…be used in bioterrosism (ex. anthrax)

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4
Q

superbugs

A

become resistant to antimicrobials- *awareness when rxing antibiotics

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5
Q

Phylogenic tree of life

A

is organism a Bacteria, fungus, protozoan, or virus

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6
Q

Proakaryoitc cells

A

small, no nucluear membrane of nucleoli, no membrane enclosed organells, no carbohydrates on plasma membrane, no cytoskeleton or cytoplasmic streaming, ribosomes are small
binary fission for cell division.
*think, loft/studio apartment

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7
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

larger than prokaryotes, true nucleus with membrane and nucleoli, membrane bound organelles present, sterols and carbs on plasma membrane as receptors, cytoskeleton, larger size, mitosis

**think mansion with many rooms

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8
Q

Gram- negative cell wall

A

peptidoglycan later surrounded by outer membrane

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9
Q

Gram-Positivie cell wall

A

layers in peptidoglycan with no outer membrane

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10
Q

Viral Pathogens

A

Viruses not microbes and are not cells- they have DNA or RNA care and are surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)

Viruses cannot replicate withouth replication machinery in a host cell (obligate parasite)

Ex: SARS-coV-2, COVID-19, HIV, Hep A/B, Measles, Influenza

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11
Q

Fungi

A
  • may cause human disease
  • others produce useful antibiotics
  • can cause food spoilage

ex) Candida albicans, aspergillus fumigatus, blastomyces dermatitis, pneumocystis jirovecii
* alexander flemming-penicillin won nobel prize

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12
Q

Typles of Parasites (5)

A

1) Flagellates- with flagella (ex. giardia, trichomonas, trypanosomes)
2) Amebae- entanomoeba, neagleria, and acanthamoeba
3) Sporozoa- cyptosporidium, toxoplasma, malarial parasies
4) ciliates- rare, only 1 human parasite
5) heminths- parasitic worms

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13
Q

Mutulism

A

symbiotic relationship that benefits both participants

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14
Q

Commensalism

A

symbiotic relationship that benefits microbe but does not affect host

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15
Q

parasitism

A

symbiotic relationship that benefits microbe and harms host

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16
Q

Sterile Sites

A

blood, CSF, internal organs, muscles bone and brain

* if site has organisms something is very wrong

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17
Q

Contributors to microbtiota development

A

breast feeding, delivery (cesarian vs. vaginal), feeding from maternal skin, hands and feet introduced to mouth, hands on floor, siblings and pets

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18
Q

Pathogenicity

A

qualitative trait referring to genetic capacity to cause disease/ liklihood that infection will results in disease

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19
Q

Virulence

A

quantitative trati: related to the extent of pathology (degree of disease) caused by microorganism.
expresses interaction between pathogen and host.
ex: cold-low virulence while ebola-high virulence

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20
Q

For disease to occurr…

A

…pathogen must come in contace with proper body part in sufficient numbers

portal of entry is the route an exogenous pathogen uses to enter body

infectious dose is number of microbes entering body

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21
Q

Respoiratory portal

A

inhalation of pathogens in air

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22
Q

GI portal

A

fecal oral

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23
Q

urogenital portal

A

sexually transmitted

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24
Q

parenteral

A

peircing skin or muccous membranes through cuts, bites, injections

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25
Q

translocation

A

organism moves from one area to another (e coli from GI to urethra to bladder)

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26
Q

Letal Dose

A

50% LD50, number of bacteria or virus particles required to kill 50% of an experimenl group of animal hosts
**Low LD50 is highly virulent

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27
Q

Infectious dose

A

50% ID50, infectious dose to colonize 50% experimental hosts

measured by determining how many microbes are required to cause disease symptoms in half of an experimental groups of hosts

not easy to measure

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28
Q

Primary infections

A

occur in otherwise healthy individuals

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29
Q

Secondary infections

A

occur in a body weakend by a primary infections

ex) post-influenze bacterial pneumonis

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30
Q

local disease

A

restricted to single area

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31
Q

systemic disease

A

disseminate to organs and systems

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32
Q

bacteremia

A

-emia in blood

transient, septicemia is proliferation of bacterial cells in blood

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33
Q

signs of disease

A

evidence/ fever, bacterial cells in blood

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34
Q

symptoms of disease

A

changes in body function, sore throat & headache

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35
Q

syndrome

A

collection of signs and symptoms

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36
Q

incubation period

A

time from contact to fisrt symptoms, replication

37
Q

prodromal phase

A

time of mild discomfort

38
Q

acute period

A

illness most severe

39
Q

period of decline

A

when illness subsides

40
Q

period of covalescense

A

return to good health

41
Q

Capsules

A

exist on bacterial, fungal, and protistan speies

defensice structures prevent invating cells form engulfing and aid in the sucess of adhering to host cells

42
Q

Pili

A

exist on bacterial cells

offensive structures adere to specific protein receptos sites on target host cells, aid in adhering to host cel

43
Q

Spikes and capsid proteins

A

exist on viruses

offensive to bind to receptos on host cell in aid inhost cell adhesion

44
Q

Adhesion

A

Virulence factor: many pathogens have adhesins that allow then to adhere to specific tissutes

*gram-neg bacterial species contain pili that can adhere to specific host cell on tissue baased on adhesions located on pili

45
Q

Invasiveness

A

ability of pathogen to penetrate tissues and spread

some use phagocytosis by body cells to enter cells and pass through defenses

46
Q

Chemical Virulence factors (3)

A

1) enzymes: offensive or defensive
2) toxins: exotoxins, cytotoxins, neurotoxins, enterotoxins
3) biofilms (not technically chemical virulence factos)

47
Q

Enzymes as virulence factor

A

help pathogens resist body defenses

ex. staph produce coagulase to from blood clot to protect from phagocytosis

48
Q

Hyaluronidase

A

Enzyme that can influence virulence: enhances pathogen penetraton through tissues, chews away at hyaluronic acid

49
Q

Leukocidins

A

Enzyme as Vir. Fac. disintegrate neutrophils and macrophages

50
Q

Hemolysins

A

Enzyme as Vir. Fac.

dissolve RBC

51
Q

Biofilms

A

can enhance virulence becuase immune cells cannot reach bacterial cells

52
Q

toxigenicity

A

ability of pathogents to produce toxins

53
Q

toxemia

A

presence of toxins in blood

54
Q

exotoxins

A

proteins produced during bacterial cell metabolism within cell, and sent out during lysis.

*most common in gram + bacterial

  • cytotoxins kill cells
  • neurotoxins interfere with nerve transmission
  • enterotoxins affect intestinal tract
55
Q

Antitoxins

A

produced by host to newutralize toxins

56
Q

toxoids

A

toxins whose toxicity has been destroyed but still elicit immune response

-great for vaccinations, build immunity (ex. diptheria and tetanus vax)

57
Q

Endotoxins

A

released upon disintigration of gram - cell walls

  • endotoxin part of gram neg cell wall
  • lipid portion of lipopolysaccharides
  • part of outermembrane
  • cause blood coagulation
  • endotoxin shock may occur with antibiotic treatment of deseases caused by gram negative bacilli

**gram + dont have endotoxin

58
Q

Reminder of disease

A

lasting effects of disease: paralysis from polio/ arthritis from lyme disease

59
Q

Resevoir, 3 types

A

Resevoir= source of pathogen

1) nonhuman: ex. rabid bat for transmission of rabies
- human dead end host (no human-human transmission or human-animal)
2) Human; smallpox- humans only resevoir (all new infections acquired from people)
3) nonliving: food, soil, water

60
Q

Zoonosis

A

disease transmitted from animal to human

61
Q

Horizontal spread

A

person to person contact

62
Q

vertical spread

A

mother to fetus or newborn during delivery

63
Q

indirect transmisstion

A

results from contact with non living onjects or vectors

64
Q

Fomites

A

inanimate object where organisms can linger

65
Q

Vehicle

A

contaminated food, water, or air

66
Q

vector-indirect

A

zoonotic method of disease spread (ticks, mosquitos, etc)

67
Q

Mechanical

A

passive

68
Q

biological

A

mathogen multiplies within insect

69
Q

Epidemiologist

A

track how disease spreads throughout populaton

70
Q

epidemic

A

disease occuring in excess of what is normally expected within populaiont

71
Q

oubreak

A

more contained epidemic- contained in cetain aread

72
Q

pandemic

A

worldwide

73
Q

Mode of transmittion of HAI

A

patient-patient

patient-staff

indirect patient-contaminated surfaces or instruments

74
Q

nosocomial infections

A

acuired in hospital

75
Q

Skin microbiota

A

*primarily gram +

staphylococcus, streptococcus, corynebacterium, propionibacterium, microccocus

fungal: candida

76
Q

femal reproductive microbiota

A

lactobacilis, staphylococcus, corynebacterium, streptococcus, enterococcus

fungal: candida

77
Q

small intestine microbiota

A

bacteroides, lactobacillus, streptococcus

78
Q

large intestine microbiota

A

dense and diverse microbial population

79
Q

Urinary tract (female) microbiota

A

lactobacillis, cerynebacteriums, streptocccus, bacteroides

80
Q

Male urinary tract microbiota

A

corynebacterium, streptcoccus

81
Q

Oral cavity microbiota

A

streptococcus, treponema, neisseria, haemophilus, lactobacillis, staphyloccus, propionibacterium

82
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A

diverse microbes vary by site (nose, nasopharynx, etc)

streptococcus, neisseria, haemophilis, staphylocccus

fungal-candida

83
Q

phases of disease

A

1) incubation period
2) prodromal phase
3) acute period
4) period of decline
5) period of convalesencse

84
Q

obligate parasite

A

parasite the relies on host cell to replicate and nourish

85
Q

cytotoxins

A

KILL CELLS

86
Q

neurotoxins

A

impair funfctioning of nervous system

87
Q

enterotoxins

A

affect intestinal tract

88
Q

Pathogen entry into host cell depends on cell adhesion

A

1) capsules
2) Pili
3) Spikes and capsid proteins

Medical Microbiology (11 decks)

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