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Medical Microbiology > Lecture 2: Infectious Diseases Affecting Skin, Soft, Tissue, and Eyes > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Infectious Diseases Affecting Skin, Soft, Tissue, and Eyes Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Dysbiosis

A

sustained alteration of microbiota resulting in overt inlammation

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2
Q

Functions of skin

A

protects uderlying tissues from microbial colonization

Each layer with specific activities
epidermal with keratinocytes (producted in stratum basal, die in stratum corneium, dry & waterproof) with dendritic langerhang cells

Dermal: sweat glands, sebceous glands

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3
Q

Skin microbiota

A

protects deeper tissues from infections

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4
Q

Sebaceous sites of skin have…

A

…the lowest bacterial diversity

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5
Q

Moist sites of skin colony examples

A

Staph and coryneobacterium (gram +)

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6
Q

Dry sites of skin colony examples

A

highest diversity, s epidermidis, and gram - species

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7
Q

Acne

A

most common skin disease in world

chronic, inflammatory condition sometimes involving cutibacterium acnes

c. acnes part of normal microbiota

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8
Q

Pilosebacceous unit

A

hair follicle + sebaceous gland
*plugged sebaceous glands can deveop into papules or nodules

sebum+ c.acnes in pores can lead to acne

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9
Q

Biofilms

A

endogenous microbiota can form biofilms

biofilm=any group of microorganisma in which cells stick together and adhere to a surface

thrive in warm, humid climates

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10
Q

Staphylococci

A

Gram + spheres form clustered arrangements

several species cause disease: S. aureus (MRSA, MSSA), S. epidermidis, S. Saprophyticus (UTIs)

makes coagulase- if it is coagulase + that is indicitive of S. aureus

produce catalase, converts h2o2 to water and o2. Catalase test is useful to distinguish staph from streptococci and enterococci

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11
Q

MRSA

A

caused by staph aureus

-resistant to all beta-lactams/cephalosporins (*EXCEPT: ceftobiprole & ceftaroline)

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12
Q

Staphylococcal Contact Diseases 2 types

A
  1. Localized skin infections: abcess, folliculitis, furnuncle
  2. toxin generated diseased: impetigo, scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
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13
Q

Abcess

A

Pus-filled lesion on skin normally in dermis

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14
Q

Folliculitis

A

puss-filled pocket at base of hair folliclue

caused by Grp A streptococcus

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15
Q

Furnuncle

A

infection further down hair follicle, carbuncle group of furnucles

large, warm, painful

caused by grp A streptococcus

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16
Q

Streptococci

A

gram-positive

normal skin inhabitant

grow in chains

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17
Q

Streptococci classification systems

A

Hemolytic groups: behavior on blood agar

  • aplha- olive green
  • beta-clear
  • gamma- no change

Variants of cell wall carbs:

  • Grp A= s. pyogenes
  • Grp B= s. agalactiae

*important because each species treated diff

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18
Q

Cellulitis

pathogen
morphology

A

P: Grp A Streptococci
M: Non purulent (no puss associated)
severe infection of dermis and SQ tissue
skin erythema, edema, warmth

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19
Q

Streptococcal pharyngitis pathogen

A

P: Grp A Streptocci

“strep throat”

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20
Q

ErySipelas

Pathogen
morphology

A

P: Grp A Streptococci
M: superficial form of celluitis of dermis
upper dermis with clear demarcation between involved and uninvolved

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21
Q

Stretococcal TSS

pathology
prognosis
smyptoms
risk factor

A

P: Grp A Streptococci
PG: high mortality w/o treatment
S: high fever, low BP, vomiting, rash
Rx: recent sx, open wounds, super absorbent tamptons

22
Q

Necrotizing fasciitis

Pathogen

A

P: caused by Grp. A streptococcus

M: erythema, edema, severe pain, fever, skin bullae, necrosis usually involving extremetites

23
Q

Gas gangrene/ myonecrosis

Pathogen & characteristics
Morphology
Treatment

A

P/C: clostridium perfringens
anaerobic, gram +, spore forming rod

M: foul odor, intense pain, swelling, black skin

Tx: treat with antitoxin, and antibiotics

24
Q

Cutaneous Anthrax

Pathogen & Characteristics
Treatment
Morphology

A

P/C: B. anthracis
aerobic, gram positive rod

Tx: treat with antibiotics
*normally for people who work with sheep

M: begins as small pruruitc papuale but formes into central vesicle or bulla
*eschar with with extensive surrounding edema is the hallmark

25
Q

Wound cellulitis

Pathogen/characteristics
treatment
risk factor

A

P/C: psuedomonas aeruginose
aerobic, gram-negative

tx: debridement and antibiotis
rx: can happen especially after burns

26
Q

Pasteurellosis

Pathogen/characteristics
risks
treatment

A

P: pasterurella multocida
aerobic, gram-,

Rx: dog or cat bites
tx: treat with penicillin

27
Q

Cat scratch disease

Pathogen
Morphology/Symtoms
treatment

A

P: bartonella henselae

M/S: red-crusted blisters, headaches, malaise and low grade fever, swollen lymph nodes

tx: antibiotics for 2-4 months

28
Q

Cold Sores

A

HSV-1, simplexvirus family of herpesviridae

after primary infection, virus becomes latent in sensory ganglia near spine, and travels back to skin along nerves to form blisters

recurrent cold sores occur when viruses are reactivates and move to the epithelium

29
Q

chicken pox

Pathogen
Transmission
Morphology
Complications

A

P: varicella-zoster virus from varicellovirus family of herpesviridae

infection in sensory nerve ganglia

can become shingles

**not longer prevalent in US due to vaccine that became available in 1995

T: transmitted from skin to skin contact and respiratiory droplets

M: red, itchy rash turns into fluid filled blisters- which have highly infectious virus laden fluid

C: most common complication is a bacterial infection of the skin
-pneumonia, encephilits, or reyes syndrome can also occur

30
Q

Shingles

A

caused by same virus as chicken pox

VZV remains latent in nerve cells for many years

if reactivated they can travel to the body trunk and cause blisters and patches of red

can also cause facial paralysis and severe ice tick pains

can occur repeatedly?

postherpetic neuralgia is persistence of pain for years after blisters have disappeared

31
Q

human herpes virus 6

causes what diseases?
spread by…

A

family of beta-hyperseviridae primarily occur in infancy

causes roseola infantum; high rever, subsequent rash

spread through contact with respiratory secretions or saliva

many bone marrow transplant recipients suffer form HHV-6B viremia after transplantation

some researchers believe HHV-6A virus lies dormant for years and may be associated with multiple sclerosis later in life

32
Q

EBV

A

Causes MONO

in BV and HHV-8 family: oncogenic viruses

sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes

more serious in immuncompormised patients, tumor formation formed from continues proliferation of infected B cells

33
Q

Kaposi Sarcoma

characteristic
rx
pathogen

A

c: angiogenic tumor of blood vessle walls
rx: most commonly seen in immmunocompromised patiens and AIDS patients

P: caused by HHV-8, forming dark or purple skin lesions

34
Q

Measles

A

highly contagious disease caused by member of paramyxoviridae family

transmission through respiratory droplets
Koplik spots are red pached with grain-lik centers along gum line

Rash on hairline to face, trunk, extremeties

complications inclue: bacterial disease in respiraoty tisssue, panancephalitis

35
Q

Rubella (german measles)

Pathogen
transmission
symptoms

A

Caused by virus of Togaviridae family

transmitted through respiratoy droplets or contact

symptoms include fever, pale pink musculopapular rash

recovery prompt, relapses can occur

congenital rubells occurs when fetus is affected through placenta and children may be born with problems in eye, ear, heart

36
Q

Fifth Disease

A

caused by member of parvoviridae

transmitted through respiratory droplets

fiery red rash on cheeks, ears, and trunks

adults can eperience symptoms similary to those of RA

37
Q

HPV

A

common warts are benign skin growths results in a specific strain of HPS

Planta warts- on soles of feet

transmitted by contact with affected person of contaminated object

38
Q

Poxviruses

A

small pox (variola) contagious and sometime fata

macules appear and become papules and fluid-filled vesicles

focal infection of skin, intestines, lungs, kidneys , and brain

39
Q

Dermatophytosis

A

fungal infecition of skin, hair and nails

40
Q

Sporotrichosis

A

fungus sporothrix schenkii forms subcutaneous lesions

41
Q

Leishmania

A

fungus that can cause cutaneous infections

42
Q

Dermatophytes

A

group of fungi that require keratin form growth

cause cutaneous mycoses

cause dermatophytosis as a disease

clinical presentation: classic appearance surrounded by red, scaly, elevated border

43
Q

tinea capitis

A

dermatophyte ringworm of scalp: of skin and hair follicle

44
Q

tinea coporus

A

dermatophytosis of skin on trunks and extremity

45
Q

tinea cruris

A

dermatophytosis of prxomimal thigh/ buttocks

46
Q

Tines Pedis

A

dermatophytosis of foot

47
Q

Tinea unguium

A

infection of nail, dermatophyte

48
Q

defense mechanism of eye

A

tears and conjuctiva

49
Q

eye may contain endogenous microbiota

A

staphylococci, streptococci, cutibacterium

50
Q

trachoma

A

sexually transmitted bacterial eye infection

51
Q

gonorrhea

A

bacterial eye infection, sexually transmitted

52
Q

Viral and parasite eye infections involve conjuctiva or cornea

A

viral pink eye

acute conjuctivitis

pharyngoconjunctival fever

acanthamoeba keratitis

ochocerciasis (river blindness)

  • intermediate host is fly
  • definitive host is person

Medical Microbiology (11 decks)

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