Lecture 6 - Chewing and swallowing II Flashcards
The palate: what is it and what is it comprised of?
Structure forming the roof of the mouth
- Hard palate
- Soft palate
Hard palate: what is it, what innervates it, and what parts are there to it and what are their relations?
Structure forming the roof of the mouth and floor of the nose
Sensory innervation – Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
Bony skeleton:
* Palatine process of maxilla
* Horizontal process of palatine bone
Mucosa:
* Oral surface - keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
* Nasal surface – respiratory epithelium
* Underlying lamina propria – contains blood vessels and nerves
(Rugae – Function?) ?
Soft palate: what is it, what innervates it, and what parts are there to it and what are their relations?
Consists of muscle covered with non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium & lamina propria
Sensory innervation – branches of the maxillary division of the trigeminal
Motor innervation -
* Pharyngeal plexus (Vagus)
* Except tensor veli palatini – mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
Muscles:
* Tensor veli palatini
* Levator veli palatini
* Palatoglossus
* Palatopharyngeus
* Muscularis uvulus
Tensor veli palatini: what is it, what is its origin, what is its insertion, and what is its action?
Thin, triangular muscle of the head that tenses the soft palate and opens the Eustachian tube to equalise pressure in the middle ear
Origin: auditory tubes & petrous part of temporal bone
Insertion: palatine aponeurosis
Action: elevates soft palate & equalises pressure in middle ear
Levator veli palatini: what is it, what is its origin, what is its insertion, and what is its action?
The primary muscle responsible for velar elevation
Origin - auditory tubes & sphenoid bone
Insertion - palatine aponeurosis
Action - tenses soft palate & equalises pressure in the middle ear
Palatoglossus: what is it, what is its origin, what is its insertion, and what is its action?
Among the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue and the paired muscles of the soft palate. The right and left palatoglossus muscles create ridges in the lateral pharyngeal wall, referred to as the palatoglossal arches
Origin: palatine aponeurosis
Insertion: posterolateral aspect of the tongue
Action: elevates the tongue and narrows the oropharyngeal isthmus
Palatopharyngeus: what is it, what is its origin, what is its insertion, and what is its action?
Muscle of both the soft palate and the pharynx
Origin: palatine aponeurosis
Insertion: lateral pharyngeal wall
Action: elevates the pharynx
Muscularis uvulus: what is it, what is its origin, what is its insertion, and what is its action?
Bilaterally muscle of the soft palate
Soft palate: what are its functions?
Seals off the nasopharynx in swallowing and speech
Narrows oropharyngeal isthmus, elevates tongue and assists in elevation of the pharynx during swallowing
Oropharyngeal isthmus
Leads from the oral cavity into the pharynx
Boundaries:
* superior – soft palate
* Inferior – posterior 1/3 of tongue
* Lateral – palatoglossal arch
Pharynx: what is it, what is its location, what are its anterior connections, and what divisions are there?
Funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube
Extends from base of skull to oesophagus
Oropharynx
Anterior openings for the nose, mouth and larynx
Divisions – nasopharynx, oropharynx & laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx: where is it located, what cells are present, what is its innervation, and what are its features?
Extends from the nasal choanae to the tip of the soft palate
Lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Sensory innervation; maxillary division of trigeminal & glossopharyngeal
Important features
* Ostium of the auditory (eustachian) tube
* Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
* Tubal tonsils
Oropharynx: where does it extend, what is it comprised of, and where does the posterior 1/3 run?
Extends from the tip of the soft palate to the superior aspect of the epiglottis
Anteriorly it extends from the oropharyngeal
isthmus - it therefore contains:
* palatoglossal folds
* palatopharyngeal folds
* tonsillar recess and palatine tonsils
The posterior 1/3 of the tongue runs vertically in
the anterior wall - lingual tonsils
Waldeyer’s ring: what is it, what cells are present, and what is its innervation?
Consists of four tonsillar structures (pharyngeal, tubal, palatine, and lingual tonsils)
Lined by non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
Sensory innervation; maxillary division of
trigeminal & glossopharyngeal
Laropharynx: where does it extend from, what are its anterior relations,
Extends from the epiglottis to the oesophagus
Laryngeal inlet located anteriorly - bounded by the aryepiglottic folds and the
epiglottis
Piriform recess lies lateral to aryiepiglottic
fold – significance?
Sensory innervation; glossopharyngeal &
vagus
Lined by stratified non-keratinised squamous epithelium