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BIOL21291 > Lecture 3 - The posterior abdominal wall and introduction to mesentries > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - The posterior abdominal wall and introduction to mesentries Flashcards

1
Q

The anatomy of the posterior abdominal wall between L3-L4

A

Label “BIOL21921 - L3 posterior image”

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2
Q

The 33 components of the vertebral spine

A

7 - Cervical
12 - Thoracic
5 - Lumbar
5 - sacral (fused)
3-5 - Coccyx

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3
Q

Primary vertebral curvature: what is it, where can it be seen, what does it do?

A

Concave anterior surface and convex posterior surface

~ C7-L2 (mainly T1-T12)

The way we are born

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4
Q

Primary vertebral curvature: what is it, where can it be seen, what does it do?

A

Convex anterior surface and concave posterior surface

~ C2-C6
~ L1-L5

Allows us to stand straight

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5
Q

Lumbar vertebrae features

A
  • 2 transverse processes
  • 2 superior articular processes
  • 2 inferior articular processes
  • 1 spinous processes
  • Articulation
  • 1 body
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6
Q

The body of the lumbar vertebrae

A

Anterior to the vertebrae, takes the load from that vertebrae and those above and transmits it down to lower vertebrae via the intervertebral discs

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7
Q

Vertebral canal

A

Posterior to the vertebral body, contains the spinal cord - protected by the arch of the vertebrae formed by the pedicles and laminae

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8
Q

Transverse processes

A

Reach out posteriorly to the vertebrae

Provide support and movement to the vertebral column via muscular and ligamentous attachments (paraspinal muscles)

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9
Q

Spinous processes

A

Hatchet-shaped, reaches out inferiorly to the vertebrae

Provide support and movement to the vertebral column via muscular and ligamentous attachments (paraspinal muscles)

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10
Q

How do the vertebrae articulate with one another?

A

Posteriorly - Superior articular processes and inferior articular processes

Anteriorly - intervertebral discs

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11
Q

Superior and inferior articular processes

A

Restricting the range of movement of the spinal cord, transmitting loading, and stopping disarticulation of the vertebral column

Superior articular process of one vertebrae articulates with the inferior articular process of the vertebrae above

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12
Q

Anterior longitudinal ligament: what does it do and where can it be found?

A

Strong, broad fibrous sheet that limits the amount of extension that can occur

C1 - sacrum

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13
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament: what does it do and where can it be found?

A

Weakly limits the amount of flexion that can occur - is narrower and weaker than the ALL, though - and herniation of the intervertebral discs (very important - no pinched nerves)

In the vertebral canal, C2 - sacrum

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14
Q

The two key parts of the IV discs

A

Annulus fibrosus - fibrous ring posterior to the ALL and anterior to the vertebral canal, surrounding the nucleus pulposus

Nucleus pulposus - the centre part, gelatinous mass that can be moved, allowing spinal limited range of movement

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15
Q

Slipped disc

A

Rupture in the annulus fibrosus causing leakage

NP loses its protection and may move around - can end up pinching spinal nerves if it moves posteriorly

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16
Q

Posterior abdominal muscles

A

Quadratus lumborum, Iliacus, Psoas major, and psoas minor

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17
Q

Quadratus lumborum: appearance, origin, insertion, function

A

Trapezium shaped, BIOL21921 - L3 Quadratus lumborum image

Iliac crest

Transverse processes of L1 to L4, 12th rib

Lateral bending of trunk and fixes 12th rib

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18
Q

Iliacus: appearance, origin, insertion, function

A

Triangular shape - think pizza

Superior part of the iliac fossa and sacral ala

Lesser trochanter of the femur

Flexion of thigh at hip joint

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19
Q

Psoas major: appearance, origin, insertion, function

A

Cylindrical

Transverse processes and lateral surface of T12 to L5

Lesser trochanter of the femur

Flexion of thigh at hip joint

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20
Q

Psoas minor: appearance, origin, insertion, function

A
21
Q

Iliopsoas

A

Combination of both the psoas and iliacus

Postural and dynamic roles - The combined iliopsoas is a stabiliser of the vertebral column and the hip joint and flexes the thigh when it contracts and the vertebral column laterally (superior part of the psoas major is responsible for this)

As a consequence, it also acts to flex the
trunk during sitting

22
Q

Major abdominal arteries: what are they and where are they located?

A

The Aorta and the common iliac arteries

The aorta descends from the diaphragm and is slightly to the left (IVC is on the right)

The common iliac arteries are formed by the splitting of the aorta at L4 and descend inferiorly in the body

23
Q

Smaller abdominal arteries: what are they and what do they supply?

A

Coeliac trunk - The foregut
Suprarenal artery - The adrenal gland
Renal artery - The kidneys
Superior mesenteric - The intestines (midgut)
Gonadal artery - The gonads
Inferior mesenteric - The intestines (hindgut)
Lumbar artery - The lumbar region

Arteries are listed based on which are superior to the others

24
Q

Smaller abdominal arteries: which are single anterior branches, which are paired lateral branches, and which are paired parietal branches?

A

SAB - Coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery

PLB - Suprarenal artery, renal artery, and gonadal artery

PPB - lumbar artery

25
Q

Subdivisions of the common iliac arteries: what are they and what do they supply?

A

Internal iliac - pelvic area

External iliac - the lower extremity

26
Q

Coeliac trunk

A

Supplies foregut structures - oesophagus, stomach, liver, spleen

27
Q

Superior mesenteric artery

A

Supplies midgut structures - jejunum, ileum, vermiform, appendix, caecum,

28
Q

Inferior mesenteric artery

A

Supplies hindgut structures - descending colon,
sigmoid colon,

29
Q

Lumbar artery

A

Five pairs for five lumbar vertebrae

30
Q

Inferior vena cava: what parts of the body supply blood to it?

A
  • Liver - Hepatic vein
  • Kidneys - Renal vein
  • Gonads - gonadal vein
  • Suprarenal glands - adrenal vein
  • Body wall - Lumbar vein (?)
  • Digestive system: mostly via the portal system
  • Lower limbs
31
Q

Which veins join together before entering the IVC?

A

Suprarenal and gonadal veins drain into the left renal vein before joining the IVC

32
Q

Blood flow in the hepatic system

A

Blood enters the liver through the hepatic portal vein and leaves via the hepatic veins then IVC

33
Q

Blood flow in the lumbar system

A

Venous drainage of the posterior wall:

1ˢᵗ and 4ᵗʰ lumbar veins drain into the ascending lumbar veins which connect with the azygous and hemiazygous veins of the thorax before connecting with the inferior vena cava

5ᵗʰ Lumbar veins drain into the common iliac vein

34
Q

Where is lymph drained?

A

3/4 into the cisterna chyli and into the thoracic duct before moving into the right lymphatic duct

The remaining lymph from the upper right side of the body directly drains into the RLD

35
Q

Peritoneum: what is it, what does it do, and what subdivisions does it have?

A

Transparent serous membrane

Lines abdominopelvic cavity, investing viscera

Visceral and parietal peritoneum

36
Q

Peritoneal cavity:

A

Surrounded by visceral and parietal peritoneum

It contains peritoneal fluid - moistens organs, reduces friction

37
Q

Visceral peritoneum: what is it, where does it get its vessel supply, innervation, and lymphatic drainage from, what is insensitive to, what is it sensitive to, and how localised is its pain?

A

Deep layer

Has the same vessel supply, innervation, and lymphatic drainage as the organ it supports

Insensitive to touch, temperature, and laceration

Sensitive to chemical irritation and stretching

Pain poorly localised - referred to as dermatome pain

38
Q

Parietal peritoneum: what is it, where does it get its vessel supply, innervation, and lymphatic drainage from, what is insensitive to, what is it sensitive to, and how localised is its pain?

A

Superficial layer

Has the same vessel supply, innervation, and lymphatic drainage as the body wall it is deep to

Sensitive to temperature touch, and laceration

Pain well-localised

39
Q

Dermatomes

A

Areas of the skin innervated by the spinal cord - the whole body excluding the face

40
Q

Greater and lesser sacs: what do they surround and what are they anterior/posterior to?

A

They surround the stomach

Greater is anterior to the stomach, lesser is posterior to the stomach

41
Q

Reflection: what does it mean in anatomy>

A

A sheet-like structure that is bent out of its normal plane

42
Q

Mesenteries: what are they, what are they caused by, and do they have a usuage?

A

Peritoneal reflections

Caused by organ invading the peritoneum

Yes, they connect the organ to the body wall and also provide a pathway for neurovascular structures to enter/leave organs

43
Q

Organs related to the posterior wall: which ones are intraperitoneal?

A

Contain mesenteries:

The liver, spleen, and tail of the pancreas

44
Q

Organs related to the posterior wall: which ones are retroperitoneal?

A

No mesenteries:

Head and body of the pancreas
Suprarenal glands
Kidneys
Ureters
Large vessels, nerves, and lymph

45
Q

Organs related to the GI tract: which ones are intraperitoneal?

A

Contain mesenteries:

  • Jejuneum
  • Ileum
  • Vermiform appendix
  • Transverse colon
  • Sigmoid colon
46
Q

Organs related to the GI tract: which ones are retroperitoneal?

A

No mesenteries:

Ascending colon
Descending colon

47
Q

Organs related to the GI tract: which ones are subperitoneal?

A

No mesenteries:

Anal canal
Rectum

48
Q
A

BIOL21291 (13 decks)

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