Lecture 6 Cell Physiology Flashcards

0
Q

Cells can perform chemical processes in the body like metabolism, two components of metabolism are

A

Anabolism (build molecules)

Catabolism (break)

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1
Q

Smallest living unit

A

Cell

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2
Q

Example of proteins are

A
Enzymes
Structural molecules 
Signalling molecules 
Transporters
(Actin myosin and some hormones)
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3
Q

What is DNA transcription

A

When DNA template used to make mRNA

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4
Q

How does transcription make mRNA

A

DNA uncoils - exposes base sequence

RNA formed using the code on DNA template and adds complementary nucleotides

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5
Q

If the DNA strand is 3’ to 5’ and contains the code
ATCGCA
What would the RNA strand be

A

5’ UAGCGU 3’

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6
Q

DNA is always _’ to _’

A

3 to 5

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7
Q

What is translation ?

A

The use of the mRNA to form proteins

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8
Q

mRNA associates with ribosomes during translation, explain how this happens

A

3 bases on RNA are codons (which code for AA)
The mRNA seeks out ribosomes and stuffs it’s cute little self inside
Then a tRNA will come along with it’s anticodon that is complementary to the mRNA codon WITH it’s associated AA
This happens over and over- peptide bonds form

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9
Q

mRNA is always _’ to _’
And each 3 base codes is a ___
Each codon codes for one amino acid BUT there may be________

A

5’ to 3’
Codon
More than one code for an amino acid
Eg: aUG and UAG May code for the same AA (exampaline) but UAG could never code for a differentexampaline

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10
Q

If the protein was synthesized by the cytoplasmic ribosomes it will either be….

A

Released to cytosol
Travel to nucleus or
Travel to mitochondria

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11
Q

If the protein is synthesized by the RER

A

Protein will be released into the lumen of the ER and modified

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12
Q

What kinds of modifications happen to a protein in the ER

A

Sugars added : glycoproteins

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13
Q

After the protein has been modified by the ER where does it go and what happens

A

Golgi bodies
CHO changes and additions take place
Used as tags to ensure protein goes to it’s destination
Lipids are added here

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14
Q

After Golgi bodies where do the newly modified proteins go and how

A
Modified proteins packaged into vesicles and sent to
Cell membrane 
Or
Secretion from the cell 
Or 
Lysosomes
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15
Q

Let’s talk about lysosomes

A

Membrane bound organelles containing digestive enzymes
Present in acidic environment

Maybe the enzymes came from Golgi proteins ??? ;)

16
Q

Enzyme function

A

Speed up chemical reaction

17
Q

Example of an enzyme in action

A
Carbon dioxide and water (substrates)
Enzyme - carbonic anmhydrase 
React to produce 
Carbonic Acid H2CO2
The reaction occasionally will progress in both directions catalyzed by the same enzyme
18
Q

ATP is composed of

A

Adenine
Ribose
3 phosphates
Adenine and ribose = adenosine

19
Q

Where is the NRG stored in the ATP

A
In the bonds between the phosphate groups 
A-P~P~P -----> A-P~P / Pi / E
Adenosine di-phosphate
Inorganic phosphate 
NRG
20
Q

What can ATP be used for ?

A

Active transport
Protein synthesis
Muscle contraction

21
Q

Cellular respiration is the pathway for

A

ATP production

22
Q

Cellular respiration is powered by the breakdown of

A

Glucose molecules

23
Q

How is glucose taken into a cell

A

Facilitated diffusion

- insulin

24
Q

Glucose within a cell is higher following ______ secretion

25
Q

Cellular respiration has 3 stages and they’re so boring what are they

A

Glycolysis
Kerbs cycle
Electron transport chain

26
Q

Tell me about glycolysis
Where it occurs
Oxygen?
Produces ?

A
In cytosol 
Doesn't need 02
2 NADH
2 ATP 
2 pyruvate
27
Q

In glycolysis there are 6c initially which now has turned into 2 ____
If there is no oxygen these products will go on to form 2 ____.

A

Pyruvate

Lactic acid

28
Q

If there is oxygen the 2 pyruvate 3C may enter into intermediate step before Krebs cycle .. What happens there?

A
2 pyruvate turn into 
2 actyl coA (2C) 
And since a carbon was knocked off from each pyruvate 
2 carbon dioxide  
2 NADH
29
Q

In Krebs cycle the 2 actyl coA are completely metabolized to

30
Q

Krebs cycle also produces

A

2 ATP
6 NADH
2FADH

31
Q

The conversion of a glucose to 2 pyruvate during glycolysis makes use of ____ enzymes

A

10 enzymes

32
Q

How many NADH arrive at the electron transport chain ?

A

10
2- glycolysis
2- intermediate
6- Krebs

33
Q

In the electron transport chain the electrons from the NADH are passed from electron carrier to electron carrier and releases NRG to form ATP. How much ATP in total is produced

34
Q

How much oxygen and water used for electron transport

A

6 molecular oxygen

12 water molecules

35
Q
1 glucose / 6 C reacts to produce 
\_\_\_\_\_ CO2
\_\_\_\_\_ H20
\_\_\_\_\_ ATP
And heat
A

6
6
36 - 38

36
Q

T or F amino acids can be made from proteins and some AA can be converted into pyruvate which can enter into Krebs

37
Q

Fats are the primary source of NRG used in the body (triglycerides) they can be broken down into _____ to make ATP

A

Acetyl coA