Lecture 6 Cell Physiology

Question 0

Cells can perform chemical processes in the body like metabolism, two components of metabolism are

Answer 0

Anabolism (build molecules)

Catabolism (break)

Question 1

Smallest living unit

Answer 1

Cell

Question 2

Example of proteins are

Answer 2

Enzymes
Structural molecules 
Signalling molecules 
Transporters
(Actin myosin and some hormones)

Question 3

What is DNA transcription

Answer 3

When DNA template used to make mRNA

Question 4

How does transcription make mRNA

Answer 4

DNA uncoils - exposes base sequence

RNA formed using the code on DNA template and adds complementary nucleotides

Question 5

If the DNA strand is 3’ to 5’ and contains the code
ATCGCA
What would the RNA strand be

Answer 5

5’ UAGCGU 3’

Question 6

DNA is always _’ to _’

Answer 6

3 to 5

Question 7

What is translation ?

Answer 7

The use of the mRNA to form proteins

Question 8

mRNA associates with ribosomes during translation, explain how this happens

Answer 8

3 bases on RNA are codons (which code for AA)
The mRNA seeks out ribosomes and stuffs it’s cute little self inside
Then a tRNA will come along with it’s anticodon that is complementary to the mRNA codon WITH it’s associated AA
This happens over and over- peptide bonds form

Question 9

mRNA is always _’ to _’
And each 3 base codes is a ___
Each codon codes for one amino acid BUT there may be________

Answer 9

5’ to 3’
Codon
More than one code for an amino acid
Eg: aUG and UAG May code for the same AA (exampaline) but UAG could never code for a differentexampaline

Question 10

If the protein was synthesized by the cytoplasmic ribosomes it will either be….

Answer 10

Released to cytosol
Travel to nucleus or
Travel to mitochondria

Question 11

If the protein is synthesized by the RER

Answer 11

Protein will be released into the lumen of the ER and modified

Question 12

What kinds of modifications happen to a protein in the ER

Answer 12

Sugars added : glycoproteins

Question 13

After the protein has been modified by the ER where does it go and what happens

Answer 13

Golgi bodies
CHO changes and additions take place
Used as tags to ensure protein goes to it’s destination
Lipids are added here

Question 14

After Golgi bodies where do the newly modified proteins go and how

Answer 14

Modified proteins packaged into vesicles and sent to
Cell membrane 
Or
Secretion from the cell 
Or 
Lysosomes

Question 15

Let’s talk about lysosomes

Answer 15

Membrane bound organelles containing digestive enzymes
Present in acidic environment

Maybe the enzymes came from Golgi proteins ??? ;)

Question 16

Enzyme function

Answer 16

Speed up chemical reaction

Question 17

Example of an enzyme in action

Answer 17

Carbon dioxide and water (substrates)
Enzyme - carbonic anmhydrase 
React to produce 
Carbonic Acid H2CO2
The reaction occasionally will progress in both directions catalyzed by the same enzyme

Question 18

ATP is composed of

Answer 18

Adenine
Ribose
3 phosphates
Adenine and ribose = adenosine

Question 19

Where is the NRG stored in the ATP

Answer 19

In the bonds between the phosphate groups 
A-P~P~P -----> A-P~P / Pi / E
Adenosine di-phosphate
Inorganic phosphate 
NRG

Question 20

What can ATP be used for ?

Answer 20

Active transport
Protein synthesis
Muscle contraction

Question 21

Cellular respiration is the pathway for

Answer 21

ATP production

Question 22

Cellular respiration is powered by the breakdown of

Answer 22

Glucose molecules

Question 23

How is glucose taken into a cell

Answer 23

Facilitated diffusion

- insulin

Question 24

Glucose within a cell is higher following ______ secretion

Answer 24

Insulin

Question 25

Cellular respiration has 3 stages and they’re so boring what are they

Answer 25

Glycolysis
Kerbs cycle
Electron transport chain

Question 26

Tell me about glycolysis
Where it occurs
Oxygen?
Produces ?

Answer 26

In cytosol 
Doesn't need 02
2 NADH
2 ATP 
2 pyruvate

Question 27

In glycolysis there are 6c initially which now has turned into 2 ____
If there is no oxygen these products will go on to form 2 ____.

Answer 27

Pyruvate

Lactic acid

Question 28

If there is oxygen the 2 pyruvate 3C may enter into intermediate step before Krebs cycle .. What happens there?

Answer 28

2 pyruvate turn into 
2 actyl coA (2C) 
And since a carbon was knocked off from each pyruvate 
2 carbon dioxide  
2 NADH

Question 29

In Krebs cycle the 2 actyl coA are completely metabolized to

Answer 29

4 CO2

Question 30

Krebs cycle also produces

Answer 30

2 ATP
6 NADH
2FADH

Question 31

The conversion of a glucose to 2 pyruvate during glycolysis makes use of ____ enzymes

Answer 31

10 enzymes

Question 32

How many NADH arrive at the electron transport chain ?

Answer 32

10
2- glycolysis
2- intermediate
6- Krebs

Question 33

In the electron transport chain the electrons from the NADH are passed from electron carrier to electron carrier and releases NRG to form ATP. How much ATP in total is produced

Answer 33

38 max

Question 34

How much oxygen and water used for electron transport

Answer 34

6 molecular oxygen

12 water molecules

Question 35

1 glucose / 6 C reacts to produce 
\_\_\_\_\_ CO2
\_\_\_\_\_ H20
\_\_\_\_\_ ATP
And heat

Answer 35

6
6
36 - 38

Question 36

T or F amino acids can be made from proteins and some AA can be converted into pyruvate which can enter into Krebs

Answer 36

T

Question 37

Fats are the primary source of NRG used in the body (triglycerides) they can be broken down into _____ to make ATP

Answer 37

Acetyl coA