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Physiology Intro > Lab 1, 2 And 3 > Flashcards

Lab 1, 2 And 3 Flashcards

0
Q

What factors produce RMP?

A

Na+ K+ ATPase pump
Higher preponderance of K+ nongated
Movement of K out of cell w/ concentration gradient
Big organic ions cannot leave cell

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1
Q

What is RMP

A

Difference in charge across a cell membrane when a cell is not stimulated
-70mV

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2
Q

How do ion channel proteins function to establish RMP?

A

Non gated channels allow ions to pass down its concentration gradient

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3
Q

How does the Na+ K+ ATPase pump establish RMP

A

Uses 1 ATP to produce 3 Na+ out and 2 K + in

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4
Q

What’s a graded potential and what is initially required to produce it

A

Change in MP usually small deviation from -70

A stimulus

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5
Q

Where do graded potentials occur on a neuron

A

Dendrites and cell bodies

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6
Q

What would you call generator potential produced on receptors on the skin ?
On inner ear?
At neuronal synapse?
Post synaptic membrane ?

A

Skin - generator potential

Inner ear - receptor potential

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7
Q

What specific electrical events occur during the production of a graded potential

A

Opening of gated channels of ions that change RMP
Any except voltage
Depolarization
Hyperpolarization

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8
Q

How is threshold reached at axon hillock

A

Influx of Na+ fast

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9
Q

In addition to skin which brain structure has thermoreceptors

A

Hypothalamus

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10
Q

Where in the cerebral cortex is sensory info interpreted ?

A

Post central gyrus

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11
Q

Sweat is produced what are the effectors and nt released?

A

Effectors sympathetic ns > ach

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12
Q

If you press the outer corner of your right eye while looking to the left you will see a dark circle surrounded by light near the ridge of your nose, why?

A

Caused by stimulation of the photoreceptors
This shows that the photoreceptors of the retina may be stimulated mechanically rather than via light, because a light receptor was stimulated

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13
Q

Are there more cold receptors or hot in the body ?

A

More cold receptors

More detectable in the square test than hot

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14
Q

What instrument was used for the two point discrimination test?

A

Aesthesiometer

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15
Q

Where on yr body is the two point discrimination greatest ? ie closest together ? Which were farthest apart
Or have more touch receptors
Spatial discrimination

A

On the finger tip

On the back

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16
Q

When a stimulus occurs on a subject when there eyes are closed and they try to pin point the location
In areas where there are more receptors what would happen
Where inter brain is this stimulus perceived

A

The localization of the stimulus Is more accurate

Post central gyrus

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17
Q

On the snellen eye chart if you are standing 20 ft away and able to read the letters designated to be read at 20 feet you have

A

20 / 20 vision

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18
Q

if you can only read the letters designated to be read at 200 feet at 20 (6m) feet then you have

A

20/200 vision

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19
Q

If astigmatism is present what does the astigmatism chart look like

A

Some of the spokes will appear sharp and dark while others blurred and lighter

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20
Q

If there is astigmatism and the chart is viewed as if there was one present , what can we deduce about focus of the image

A

Comes to focus infront of or behind the retina

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21
Q

What causes astigmatism ?

How can you tell if it has been corrected with glasses

A

The cornea is misshapen

And so the light doesn’t focus correctly on the retina

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22
Q

What does ishihara color plates test

A

Colourblindness / Deficiencies in color receptors (cones)!

3 cone types which contain diff photoreceptor pigment R,B,G

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23
Q

What is convergence

A

Medial movement of eyes which helps to maintain partial overlap of the visual field of each eye

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24
Q

What is nystagmus

A

Involuntary rapid rhythmic movement of one or both eyeballs

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25
Q

What is nystagmus caused by?

A

Weak extrinsic eye muscles

Or damage to a branch of a cranial nerve that innervates an extrinsic eye muscle

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26
Q

What is a test for convergence ?

A

Subject focuses on tip of pencil
Slowly brought closer to face from 2 feet to nose
Notice how the pupils constrict

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27
Q

What is a test for nystagmus ?

A

Hold a pencil 2 feet from nose then move it left to right and up down leaving the pencil at least 10 seconds in each position
Note presence of nystagmus

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28
Q

What does the Rinne test do?

A

Compares air and bone conduction of sound

Tests for MIDDLE EAR deafness (conductive hearing loss)

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29
Q

How does air conduction of sound happen

A

Sound vibration pass from auricle to inner ear via tympanic membrane and middle ear ossicles

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30
Q

How does bone conduction of sound work

A

Vibrations are passed through bones of skull to inner ear

Normally bone conduction not as sensitive as air

31
Q

How would we conclude that there is an impairment of fiction of external ear (wax) or middle ear ossicles (causing middle ear deafness)

A

If the bone conduction of sound is better heard by the subject than air during the rinne test

32
Q

What is the Weber test for ?

A 
Middle ear deafness (conductive hearing loss)
Nerve defects (sensorineural hearing loss)
33
Q

How to do the weber test

A

Stike tuning fork and place the handle infront of subjects forehead
Ask if there is a difference in sound intensity in either ear
To simulate inner ear deafness plug one ear

34
Q

If the sound intensity is greater in one ear or the other what does that mean for the weber test

A

A CHL in ear that perceives sound louder BECAUSE in middle ear deafness there is no environmental noise to interfere with sound heard by bony conduction
Or
Possible nerve defects in opposite ear

35
Q

What does the light pupillary reflex demonstrate

A

The light constricts pupil affected

And the other pupil consensually constricts

36
Q

What’s the consensual light reflex

A

When a pupil constricts in conjunction with the pupil being affected by light stimulus

37
Q

The pupillary light reflex is ____lateral

A

Ipsilateral

38
Q

The consensual light reflex is _______lateral

A

Contralateral

39
Q

What is the ciliospinal reflex

A

Examine pupillary response
Illuminate left side of face (constrict)
Scratch skin on left side o neck
Ipsilateral pupil dilation occurs

40
Q

What branch of NS causes the left iris to increase in the ciliospinal reflex

A

Sympathetic

41
Q

What is corneal reflex

A

Bilateral blinking when sclera is touched

42
Q

During the knee jerk reflex what happens when the subject is distracted

A

Response is greater

43
Q

What happens to patellar reflex when subject is fatigued

A

Patellar reflex less vigorous

44
Q 
Ankle jerk (Achilles' tendon reflex)
What happens
A

After striking Achilles’ tendon with patellar hammer
Tendon will stretch gastrocnemius muscle to contract
Plantar flexion of foot

45
Q

For plantar reflex( babinski )

How is the procedure done

A

Socks removed heels braced
Dissecting needle traced from heel to toes
If reflex normal toes will curl
If not plantar reflex replaced by babinski > toe dorsiflex and toes fan out

46
Q

When is babinski reflex usually done ?

A

Obtained in infants up to the age of 6 months sometimes up to 5
(Physiological babinski)
In adult reflex normally absent but may occur in sleep
In epileptics following a seizure or if there is damage to corticospinal tracs (upper motor neurons)

47
Q

How could we test the femoral nerve
Cranial nerve VII (facial)
Cranial nerve VIII (vestibucochlear)

A

F- patellar
VII- corneal
VIII- rinne / weber

48
Q

Definition of blood pressure

A

The pressure blood exerts against any unit area of the blood vessel walls generally measured in arteries

49
Q

Systolic reading of BP is

A

The pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular ejection

50
Q

Diastolic pressure is

A

The pressure in the arteries during ventricular relaxation

51
Q

BP is measured in

A

Multimeters of mercury

mm Hg

52
Q

How does a sphygmomanometer measure BP

What is it

A

The ausculatory method

Inflatable cuff with a pressure gauge

53
Q

What are sounds of korotkoff

A

The sounds heard from the stethoscope which indicate the resumption of blood flow in the brachial artery
First soft tapping sounds is systolic

54
Q

The pressure at which the sounds of korotcoff disappear are the

A

Diastolic pressure

55
Q

What is the pulse pressure

A

Systolic - diastolic

56
Q

What is the mean arterial pressure

A

The average pressure in the systemic arteries
The product of cardiac output and total peripheral resistance
MAP = PP/3 + diastolic

57
Q

What is p wave

A

Atria depolarization

58
Q

What is QRS wave

A

Depolarization ventricles

Repolarization of atria over shadowed

59
Q

What Is T wave

A

Repolarization of ventricles

60
Q

How can you calculate BPM or heart rate from ECG/EKG?

A

You measure the distance in mm between each QRS wave
Divide the QRS / chart speed
Divide result by 60sec

61
Q

How can you calculate the amount of beats jn a second ?

A

Divide chart speed by distance between beats

62
Q

Where would we put the stethoscope if we want to hear the first sound of the cardiac cycle

A

Apex

63
Q

On the 2nd intercostal space or 2-3 cm below the clavie and left to the sternum what sound should you be able to hear clearly

A

Second sound of cardiac cycle dub

64
Q

Is it normal that inspiration increases during inspiration and decreases during expiration

A

Yes

65
Q

What is laminar flow

A

Non turbulent or stream line flow

66
Q

What is turbulent flow

A

Erratic flow of blood

Compressed artery

67
Q

What events cauSe the first and second heart sounds

A

Turbulent blood flow 1) against closing of AV valves

2) closing of semilunar valves

68
Q

Hydrostatic vs osmotic

A

Hydro - push

Osmotic - pull

69
Q

What coordinates the RAS

A

Hypothalamus

70
Q

In the luteal phase progesterone is released from the corpus luteum, what does the progesterone inhibit first and as a result of that what else does it inhibit ?

A

GnRH

FSH / LH

71
Q

What does exocytosis require

A

Calcium

72
Q

During depolarization , when threshold potential is reached, depolarization of the membrane becomes self generating therefore

A

Is positive feedback mechanism

Na+ permeability when all channels open 1000 times greater than resting neuron

73
Q

Repolarization what happens to K+ and Na+ channels

A

Na+ close

K+ open following it’s electrochemical gradient (ie now the inside is more positive than the outside )

74
Q

What happens to ion channels during hyperpolarization

A

Some k remain open (period of increased K permeability)
Na+ reset
Excessive K efflux makes cell ultra negs

Physiology Intro (10 decks)

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