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Physiology Intro > Lecture 4 NS Physio III > Flashcards

Lecture 4 NS Physio III Flashcards

0
Q

What’s the function of the midbrain ?

A

Controls auditory and visual REFLEXES

Movement of eyes, head and neck in response to visual and auditory stimuli.

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1
Q

What comprises the brain stem?

A

Midbrain , pons, medulla

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2
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

Functions with medulla to regulate breathing

Pontine respiratory centers controls rate and depth of breathing

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3
Q

Where in the midbrain does decussation occur ? What happens a a result of this?

A

Medulla Oblongata

The left portion of the brain will receive information from the right side of the body and control the right skeletal muscles

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4
Q

The medulla Oblongata houses vital reflex centers, what are they?

A

Respiratory ( drives breathing role)
Vasomotor(controls blood vessel diameter)
Cardiac center (modifies heart rate)

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5
Q

Medulla Oblongata also controls “other centers” other than vital centers, what are they?

A

Swallowing , Vomiting , Coughing

Sneezing

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6
Q

What is the overall function of the brain stem?

A

Controls life sustaining processes like breathing and circulation

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7
Q

If the entire brain cortex was damaged except the brain stem, what would happen?

A

The individual would be alive but unaware and they would have no conscious control

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8
Q

The hypothalamus is apart of the diancephalon superior to the midbrain and is extremely important. It regulates the ANS… Which regulates ..

A

Autonomic nervous system

Smooth, cardiac muscle and glands

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9
Q

T or f the hypothalamus regulates, the endocrine system, body temperature, food and water intake( via body fluid concentration)

A

True

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10
Q

The hypothalamus is part of the limbic system (along with the thalamus and the cerebrum) what is the limbic system responsible for?

A

It is “the emotional brain”
Basic emotions
Like rage and fear

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11
Q

The hypothalamus co-ordinates the reticular activating system (RAS)
The reticular formation is located in the brain stem, what is it’s function?

A

ALERTING
RAS Receives incoming sensory input for awakening
Alerting thalamus, cortex, hypothalamus and reticular formation
It also receives input from the visual system used to set daily rhythms

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12
Q

The hypothalamus receives sensory input from cutaneous receptors of nipples and external genetalia… Therefore it is involved with

A

Sexual arousal and associated behaviours

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13
Q

Damage of hypothalamus leads to

A

Loss of homeostasis

It has major homeostatic functions

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14
Q

The efferent nervous system is comprised of
A
B

A

A) the ANS ( cardiac, smooth, gland)
B) the Somatic NS skeletal muscle as effector)
Various levels of the brain involved

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15
Q

The ANS has 2 further subdivisions

They are

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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16
Q

The SNS or sympathetic nervous system pathway from CNS to effector is

A

CNS (spinal nerves t1 - L2) to >preganglionic neuron to >ganglion > post ganglionic neuron to effector

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17
Q

What neurotransmitter is most commonly released via post ganglionic neuron of sympathetic ND

A

Norepinephrine NE

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18
Q

What NT is released between pre and post ganglionic neurons of SNS

A

ACh

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19
Q

The preganglionic neuron of SNS is said to be ______________

The post ganglionic is _________ or

A

Pre- Cholinergic (acetylcholine releasing)

Post- Adrenergic (NE)

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20
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system ?

A

Prepares the body for activity

Fight or flight

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21
Q

What breaks down norepinephrine and where?

A 
Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) 
In PRESYNAPTIC NEURON
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22
Q

Another division on the ANS is the PSNS

What part of CNS is associated with it ?

A

CNS = sacral portion of spinal cord

>preganglionic neuron :; ACh postganglionic neuron ;; ACh

23
Q

Pre ganglionic neurons of PSNS and SNS are both __________.

________ is broken down by _______ on receiving cell membrane.

A

Cholinergic

ACh broken down by acetylcholinesterase on receiving cell membrane or post synaptic membrane

24
Q

What is the function of the PSNS ?

A

rest and digest “house keeping”

25
Q

Most organs are innervated by ANS have both SNS and PSNS and the effects are usually opposite , give an example

A

Heart rate is excited by SNS and inhibited by PSNS
Or
Motility of the GI tract: excited by PSNS and inhibited by SNS

26
Q 
Effects of SNS on 
Pupil
Heart
GI tract 
Blood vessel 
Gland 
Genitals
A 
Pupil: dilate 
Heart: increase HR
GI: inhibit motility
Blood vessels: vasoconstriction
Glands: (sweat) increase secretion
Genitals: ejaculation in male
27
Q 
Effects of PSNS on
Pupil
Heart 
GI tract
Blood vessel
Gland
Genitals
A

Pupil: constricts
Heart: decrease HR
GI : increase motility
Bvessels: no innervation except p and clitoris
Glands: no innervation at all
Genitals: erection and lubricant of vagina

28
Q

Describe higher order of ANS to it’s divisions SNS / PSNS

A 
Cerebrum including limbic system 
To 
Hypothalamus 
To 
Medulla Oblongata 
To
And
To 
PSNS and SNS
29
Q

Somatic nervous system

From CNS to _____ to effector (skeletal muscle)

A

Lower motor neuron

30
Q

There are 3 types of movement, what are they?

A

Reflexes

Voluntary movement

Rhythmic

31
Q

There are 2 types I reflexes what are they and describe them

A

A) spinal reflexes : least complex. Require sensory input (eg muscle spindle)
b) postural reflex: for balence and posture. Require sense input from proprioceptors (eyes ,inner ear)

32
Q

Describe voluntary movement

A

Most complex

No external stimuli required

33
Q

What is rhythmic movement

A

Walking or running
It is a complex of voluntary and reflex movement
Initiated and ended by cerebrum, but input from cerebrum not required once it has begun

34
Q

Level 1 of motor control entails

A 
Planning
Move ? If yes what movement needed
Plan sequence of muscle contractions 
Signals primary cortex 
Works with input from cerebellum
35
Q

Level 2 of motor control

A

Signals directly to motor neurons
Down cortical spinal tract
For fine skilled movements

36
Q

Level 3 of motor control

A

Brain stem nuclei
Decendin motor tracts to lower motor neurons = indirect tracts
Receive input from cortex, basal nuclei, cerebellum
Coordination of large muscle groups
Involved in posture and locomotion

37
Q

Level 4 of motor control

A

Spinal cord contains cell body of lower motor neurons
Networks of neurons (central pattern generators CPGs) set rhythmic repeated movements (runningetc)
Requires cortical (cortex) input to begin or stop movement

38
Q

Corticospinal tract is

A

Also pyrimidal tracts

Conducts impulses from brain to spinal cord

39
Q

What are central pattern generators

A

Set rhythmic and repeated movements

Associated with level 4 motor control

40
Q

Cerebellum has many roles in movement. One is planning and initiating movement… Where is the imput sent ?

A

Cortical areas

41
Q

cerebellum stores planned movement and compares actual movement to the plan using sensory input (eg from proprioceptors) so that it may

A

Correct plan if necessary

42
Q

Cerebellum maintains balence, controls eye movements, role in maintaining muscle tone… It also coordinates _____ movements and timing of contractions involving ___ or more joint

A

Voluntary

One or more

43
Q

Basal nuclei along with cerebellum aid in

A

Planning movement and maintaining muscle tone

Basal nuclei suppresses unwanted movements

44
Q

corticospinal pathway is a direct pathway descending to skeletal muscle from the cortex for

A

Fine precise movements

45
Q

What are upper motor neurons

A

Part of the corticospinal pathway
Cell bodies that are located in motor areas of frontal cortex (primary motor cortex)
Axons move into spinal cord

46
Q

what are lower motor neurons

A

Part of the corticospinal pathway

Cell bodies located in VENTRAL horn of spinal cord

47
Q

What would happen if there was a destruction of upper motor neurons?

A

Reflex arc is present: get
A) spastic paralysis - increased muscle tone ( low level of contraction ) no atrophy
B) exaggerated reflexes eg. Patellar, Achilles, babinski

48
Q

Describe babinski reflex

A

Normal : plantar flexion / all toes curl under
Babinski: extend big toe
If babies under 2 get sign > corticospinal tract is unmyelinated
Asses damage to NS

49
Q

What happens when there is destruction of lower motor neurons

A

No reflex arc is present
A)Get flaccidity > decreased muscle tone
Muscle atrophy
B) no reflex action

50
Q

Describe how polio elicits a no reflex action

A

Polio destroys cell bodies of ventral horn of spinal cord ( lower motor neurons ) > flaccid paralysis

51
Q

Language areas in brain are located

A

In left cortex in most people
99 % of right handed people
67% of left handle people

52
Q

For language, the cortex is responsible for

A

Concepts and ideas

53
Q

Wernikes area located in

Broca’s area located in

A

Parietal and temporal for wernikes

Frontal for Broca’s

54
Q

Broca’s area, wernickes area and basal nuclei form a

A

Single language implementation system that analyzes incoming and produces outgoing word sounds and grammatical structures

55
Q

Damage to wernickes area produces

A

Inability to understand spoken or written words
Can speak but words are meaningless
Inappropriate or mixed up grammar

56
Q

Damage to Broca’s Area elicits

A

Can understand language but cannot produce speech that is sensible

Physiology Intro (10 decks)

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