Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology Intro > Lecture 5 / Endocrine / Reproduction > Flashcards

Lecture 5 / Endocrine / Reproduction Flashcards

0
Q

Hormones regulate…

A

Growth, reproduction and metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Glands and tissues of the endocrine system secrete hormones which travel in the blood to “target cells” which are…
What happens when hormones reach target cells?

A

Target cells are simply cells with the appropriate receptor

Hormone binds to receptor and changes the cells activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Receptors are proteins that can be in two places, they are

A

A) on cell membrane

B) intercellular ( on nuclear membrane )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do water soluble hormones include?

A

Peptides, proteins, catecholamines ( nor / epinephrine / adrenergic )
Aka : 1st messenger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

After a 1st messenger hormone such as a ligand binds to a receptor protein does it enter the cell?
Once binded what happens ?

A

Does not enter cell.
The hormone binding to receptor initiates “hormone receptor complex” and activates membrane proteins
Such as G protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Once the G protein has been activated by the hormone receptor complex what does it do?

A

G proteins activate 2nd messenger eg cAMP and Ca2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the function of 2nd messengers?

Example with cAMP

A

Activate other enzymes or ion channels
Eg
Cyclic AMP activates protein kinase enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

After cAMP activates protein kinase what does protein kinase go on to do?

A

Acts on other proteins (phosphorylates) to alter their activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Simplify the fast response of cyclic AMP second messenger system of water soluble hormones

A

1) 1st messenger hormone binds to receptor
2) receptor activates G protein >GTP
3) G protein activates adenylate cyclase
4) adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (2nd messenger)
5) cAMP activates protein kinase
6) protein kinase phosphorylates proteins to alter their activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Adenylate cyclase converts _____ to cAMP

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe how epinephrine reacts on the liver cells

A

Epinephrine binds to receptor protein which then activates G protein
Which activates adenylate cyclase which produces 2nd messenger cAMP
cAMP activates protein kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why do we want to use 2nd messenger systems?

A

A) because hormone is water soluable it cannot enter cell
B) rapid acting enzymes already present and just need to be activated
c)1 hormone molecule activates many - multiplies the effect of a single molecule
D)limited, messenger is broken down or removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give an example of a messenger being broken down or removed with respect to 2nd messengers

A

cAMP broken down by phosphodiesterase in cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How is hormone secretion into blood regulated ?

A

My stimuli acting on endocrine gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What may the stimuli producing homone into blood be? (3)

A

1) a non hormone substance in the blood
2) the nervous system
3) a hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe how a non hormone substance in the blood may stimulate hormone production via endocrine gland or tissue (example)

A

Eg) high glucose in blood triggers beta cells of the islets of langerhans to secrete insulin, insulin then opens the door to body cells reducing the blood glucose concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What’s another name for a non hormone stimulus acting on an endocrine gland / tissue

A

HUMORAL STIMULUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Give and example of how calcium could be a HUMORAL stimulus

A

Low calcium in the blood stimulates parathyroid gland to release parathyroid hormone
PTH raises blood calcium levels by decreasing osteoblasts activity
Increases osteoclast activity
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explain how the nervous system can stimulate endocrine tissue to release hormone
With example

A 
Subject is sitting with resting heart rate
***SURPRISE***
Adrenal medulla activated 
Releases epinephrine (adrenergic)
Increased heart rate (SNS)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Explain with an example how a hormone may stimulate the release of another hormone on an endocrine tissue / gland

A

Low metabolism triggers TRH from hypothalamus (thyrotropin releasing hormone)
Which stimulates the anterior pituitary to release TSH
TsH stimulates thyroid gland to release t4
T4 converts to T3 in target tissue or liver —> increased metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Simplify low metabolism to high metabolism via hormones

A 
Low met triggers
TRH from hypothal
TSH from ant pituitary 
T4 from thyroid
To T3 on target tissue or liver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Explain what stress is
What it triggers
And what part of the body coordinates it

A

Extreme internal or external stimulus
Triggers general adaptation syndrome
Coordinated directly or indirectly by the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe lipid soluable hormones

A 
Steroids and Thyroid hormone
Hydrophobic
Enter cell bind to intracellular receptors 
Activate genes
Triggers protein synthesis 
It is slow but has lasting responses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Explain the process of lipid soluble hormone action

A

Hormone binds to receptor in cytosol or nucleus
Hormone receptor complex binds to specific region
Messenger RNA –> ribosomes –> proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Explain what stress is
What it triggers
And what part of the body coordinates it

A

Extreme internal or external stimulus
Triggers general adaptation syndrome
Coordinated directly or indirectly by the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe lipid soluable hormones

A 
Steroids and Thyroid hormone
Hydrophobic
Enter cell bind to intracellular receptors 
Activate genes
Triggers protein synthesis 
It is slow but has lasting responses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Explain the process of lipid soluble hormone action

A

Hormone binds to receptor in cytosol or nucleus
Hormone receptor complex binds to specific region
Messenger RNA –> ribosomes –> proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe an alarm reaction ( fight or flight response) which is apart of the general adaptation system
>immediate nervous system

A

CNS ( Sensory input detects change )
To Hypothalamus to > RAS (activates alertness)
SNS activates a) organs and b) adrenal medulla to release epinephrine (fight or flight)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which things are associated with the general adaptation syndrome in response to stress

A 
Alarm reaction ( fight or flight ) 
Resistance reaction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the effects of an alarm reaction (fight or flight response) on blood sugar

A

Increase blood glucose because SNS inhibits insulin release (glycogen, through adrenergic hormones turned into glucose from liver stores)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the effects of an alarm reaction on heart rate, respiratory rate and blood flow to skin / abdominal viscera

A

Increased HR
Increased respiration
Decreased blood flow to skin and abdominal viscera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

During an alert or fight or flight reaction why do you think less blood is delivered to the skin and abdominal viscera?

A

Because more blood delivered to skeletal muscles heart and brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

During an alarm reaction what happens to digestion and urine production ?

A

Decreased digestion and urine production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

A resistance reaction is apart of general adaptation syndrome what does it do
Why does it happen

A

It is long term production of endocrine
Initiated by the hypothalamic regulating hormones
Happens by recovery from 1) tissue damage
2)response to long term stress like starvation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

During resistance reaction , which is part of general adaptation syndrome a product is cortisol( gluco corticoid) how does this happen?

A

Hypothalamus releases GHRH AND CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) to anterior pituitary
The anterior pituitary then releases
GH and ACTH (adrenal corticotropin hormone)
The ACTH signals the adrenal cortex p release cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Cortisol is released 30 seconds after an alert reaction but it’s effects are only seen hours after .. Why?

A

Because cortisol is a steroid, it is a lipid soluble hormone and acts at nuclear receptors…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Cortisol inhibits

A

Insulin release

37
Q

What is a result of resistance reaction or cortisol production

A

Increased blood glucose
Liver stimulated to produce new glucose from fats and later proteins
Little insulin available so glucose is not taken up well by skeletal muscle at rest and adipose tissue

38
Q

When a resistance reaction has been happening and cortisol has been produces the blood glucose level is high because the liver is stimulated to do so and there is little insulin … What is glucose spared for use by

A

Nervous system

39
Q

When resistance reaction is occurring due to stress / alarm glucose is spared for use by the NS. Where is the metabolism directed to for non nervous tissue ?

A

Fats for energy

Result of GH and cortisol

40
Q

If stress continues cortisol inhibits ______ and then proteins are used. Also an increase in _______ and amino acids in blood:

A

Growth hormone

Fatty acids

41
Q

After a resistance response can cause inhibition of important things like

A

Immune responses (t and b lymphocytes)
Bone formation
Formation of CT / wound healing

42
Q

As a result of a resistance reaction the body will release aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which

A

Reduces salt and water loss at kidney to maintain blood volume and increase blood pressure

43
Q

Long term effects of resistance reaction are

A 
Decreased weight 
Increased blood pressure 
Increased heart rate 
Immune suppression (cortisol)
Loss of bone density 
Increased risk of type 2 diabetes
44
Q

Exhaustion can occur as an end step of General adaptation syndrome, it results from depleted body resources like

A

Lipid reserves , glucocorticoids, loss of k+ ( due to the adosterone secretion ) damage to organs, heart kidney and liver

45
Q

During the exhaustion phase there is a loss of _______ due to aldosterone release

A

K+
Aldosterone regulates the salt and water balance in the body
Comes from adrenal cortex (mineralcorticoid) - cortisol also comes from adrenal cortex

46
Q

Anterior pituitary releases ACTH which stimulates the ______ to release cortisol

A

Adrenal cortex

47
Q

After puberty in the male reproductive system the hypothalamus , anterior pituitary and gonads release important hormones for spermatogenisis what are they ?

A

Hypo : gonadotropin releasing hormone

Anterior pituitary : leutinizing hormone / follicle stimulating hormone

Gonads : testosterone (leydig)

48
Q

Where does spermatogenisis occur? Which hormones directly influence it?

A

Sertoli Cells

Testosterone and FSH

49
Q

Which male sex hormones are released from the anterior pituitary to the testes ?

A

FSH and LH

50
Q

Functions of testosterone with regard to development

A

Male reproductive tract organs
Secondary sex characteristics (hair, deep voice)
Stimulates bone growth and epiphysial plate

51
Q

Testosterone functions in protein anabolism or catabolism?

A

Anabolism

52
Q

Testosterone directly effects production of being sexy or spermatogenisis ?

A

Both

53
Q

What are the hormones released by the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and overies

A

Hypothal > GnRH
Anterior pit> LH and FSL
Ovaries > estrogens via primary / secondary follicles

54
Q

Which hormone directly influences the primary and secondary development of follicles

A

FSH

Stimulates primary to become secondary

55
Q

Which hormone plays a big role in ovulation

A

LH

56
Q

When progesterone is high what is probably low ?

A

FSH, because FSH is inhibited by P

Also conversely

57
Q

What stimulates estrogen production

From where ?

A

LH

Theca and granulosa cells of follicle

58
Q

A surge in LH stimulates ovulation and formation

A

Of corpus luteum

59
Q

Recap the hormones that come into play from primary follicle to corpus luteum

A

FSH primary to secondary

LH formation of corpus luteum

60
Q

A positive feedback mechanism occurs when the follicle in “follicular phase” explain

A

Estrogen is released from the secondary follicle for a few days
This stimulates LH (via GnRH)
Which stimulates the follicle to increase estrogen

61
Q

Come up with a mnemonic device to remember which anterior pituitary hormone does what

A

FSH > f for follicle
LH > lovely ovulation
Horrible estrogen / test

62
Q

In luteal phase progesterone inhibits

A

LH release

Luteal for LH

63
Q

Functions of estrogen other than ovulation

A

Stimulates growth of and maintains endetrium
Develops secondary sex characteristic (breast and fat distribution)
Bone growth and closure of epiphysis

64
Q

Where is progesterone secreted from

What is it’s function

A

Corpus luteum

Preps uterus for pregnancy

65
Q

Ovarian cycle is 28 days

The follicular phase is also called the pre ovulation phase how long is it

A

Days 1 - 14

66
Q

In the pre ovulatory or follicular phase what happens in the ovary?

A

Progesterone is low
LH and FSH secreted
Some primary follicles develop to secondary (due to FSH)
Follicles also secrete estrogen and there is a surge in estrogen levels

67
Q

What happens late in follicular phase

A

One secondary follicle will develop into a graffian follicle

68
Q

At the level of the uterus days 1-5 are the menstrual phase what happens

A

Stratum functionalis is shed
Bleeding
Blood secretions and cells = 50 - 150 mL

69
Q

At the level of the uterus days 6-14 are the proliferative phase what happens

A

Estrogen causes repair and proliferation of stratum functionalis
Mitosis in stratum basalis

70
Q

Days 15 to 28 are called the luteal phase at the level of the ovary (post ovulatory) what happens

A

High progesterone from corpus luteum inhibits GnRH
Inhibition of FSH and LH
No follicles develop

71
Q

Days 15 -28 at the level of the uterus is called the _______

What happens to the uterus wall

A

Secretory phase
Progesterone secreted from corpus luteum prepares uterus for implantation
It’s becomes vascular and thick and stores glycogen

72
Q

f in the secretory phase at the level of he uterus progesterone inhibits _______ and does what to the cervix

A

Inhibits uterine contractions

Keeps cervix firm and inflexible from collagen fibers

73
Q

If fertilization occurs the placenta releases human chorionic gomatotropin which

A

Maintains corpus luteum

And has similar structure to LH

74
Q

If fertilization occurs the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen
For how long
After that what structure releases these hormones

A

First 6 weeks of pregnancy

The placenta

75
Q

If fertilization does not occur corpus luteum becomes

A

Corpus albicans
No hCG
And lower LH

76
Q

Since FSH and LH are inhibited after pregnancy and high levels of progesterone that means

A

No new follicles can develop

77
Q

If fertilization doesn’t occur progesterone and estrone decrease so then which hormones increase
And what happens to the uterus

A

LH and FSH

Menstruation begins

78
Q

Describe how oral contraceptives work

A 
They can be high in estrogen and progesterone 
Inhibits GnRH in turn no FSH and LH
Therefore no follicle maturation 
No ovulation 
A thickened mucus inhibits sperm
79
Q

Describe how IU implants work

A

Similar as oral contraceptive but with progestin

80
Q

Describe how morning after pill works

A

High E and P or just P
Functions to prevent implantation, ovulation, and fertilization
Can be taken w/in 5 days of unprotected sex. Better in 72 hrs
Usually 2 doses jn 12 hours apart

81
Q

What happens as result of morning after pill

A

Higher instance of ectopic pregnancy

82
Q

T or f Chinese women have higher rate of failure with morning after pill

A

T

83
Q

How does mifepristone work?

A

Block progesterone receptors
In low doses it blocks ovulation
Alters endometrium so egg cannot implant

84
Q

How does mifepristone elicit abortion

A 
Safe and effective 
Not licenced
Causes endometrium to slough off
With embryo
Taken with prostaglandins
85
Q

Why is mifepristone taken with prostaglandins

A

Prostaglandins elicit uterine contractions which helps the body push out the endometrium

86
Q

What is the placenta composed of

A

Chorion of fetus and endometrium of mom

Blood vessels of each in close proximity but do not mix

87
Q

Functions of placenta

A

Exchange of materials between mom and fetus such as

Gasses nutrients hormones antibodies (passive immunity) wastes virus drugs etc

88
Q

The placenta secrets estrogen and progesterone but also HCG what is it’s function

A

Maintains corpus luteum for 6 weeks
Peaks at 10 weeks and then drops
Detected by preg tests
Stimulates testosterone secretion by fetal testes

89
Q

What is the function of human chorionic gomatotropin

A

Maintains corpus luteum

Physiology Intro (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions